# AI Timeline Log - Scope: A curated timeline of events that changed the course of generative AI, not a complete record. An event missing here is not thereby unimportant. - As of: 2026.11.07 - License: CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) - Credit: AI Timeline Log (https://lucasflatwhite.com/ai-timeline-log/), CC BY 4.0 ## 2026 · The Year of Delegation and Control As people handed work to AI, stock markets and governments reacted, and major labs prepared to go public while disclosing research acceleration risks and compute costs. Cyber capabilities and agent incidents made pacing and isolation security priorities. A researcher who left Anthropic warned of the risks before a city council and on television. Mathematicians debated standards for evaluating AI results, and specialized life sciences models arrived. Google opened a world model to subscribers, and Meta held back the weights of its first Muse model. The U.S. administration began calling AI “Super Intelligence,” and local voters backed limits on data centers. Website training controls, protections for children and conversations on companion chatbots, and EU AI Act enforcement followed. Chinese AI firms went public, the U.S. and China clashed over distillation, and compute infrastructure expanded through optical connectivity and tests in orbit. ### 2026.11.03 · Data Centers on the Ballot Data Centers. Data center construction came before a state executive order and local voters. Most of the 41 ballot measures were at the city or county level, and nine were non-binding. Analysts also pointed to interest rates and doubts about capital spending for the November 5 selloff. - 2026.07.14 New York’s governor issues Executive Order No. 62, pausing new discretionary state permits for data centers of 50 MW or more until state environmental standards are set, in what the governor’s office calls the first statewide moratorium. (Sources: [First Statewide Moratorium on New Hyperscale Data Centers Launched by Governor Kathy Hochul](https://www.governor.ny.gov/news/first-statewide-moratorium-new-hyperscale-data-centers-launched-governor-kathy-hochul), [New York State enacts data center moratorium](https://www.davispolk.com/insights/client-update/new-york-state-enacts-data-center-moratorium)) - 2026.10.02 AWS CEO Matt Garman says Amazon no longer uses nondisclosure agreements with government agencies on its projects and announces Built Together, more than $1 billion for communities over five years. (Sources: [Amazon’s approach to data centers: community-focused, sustainable and efficient](https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/company-news/amazon-data-centers-built-together), [Amazon responds to data center backlash, says it no longer uses NDAs](https://techcrunch.com/2026/10/03/amazon-responds-to-data-center-backlash-says-it-no-longer-uses-ndas/)) - 2026.11.03 Voters favor limits on data center development in 40 of 41 local ballot measures across 10 U.S. states, including 5 full bans, 12 partial bans and 3 six-month moratoriums. (Sources: [Voters favored limiting data center development in 40 of 41 local ballot measures on Nov. 3](https://news.ballotpedia.org/2026/11/06/voters-favored-limiting-data-center-development-in-40-of-41-local-ballot-measures-on-nov-3/), [The data center boom was on Tuesday ballots 41 times. It won once.](https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/2026-election-results-show-widespread-opposition-to-ai-data-centers/)) - 2026.11.05 The Nasdaq falls 5.5% and the Philadelphia Semiconductor Index 12% as analysts cite regulation and construction risks after Democrats win Congress, and a circuit breaker halts Korea’s KOSPI the next day. (Sources: [Stock market today: Dow plunges 1,800 points, Nasdaq enters correction in AI trade meltdown](https://finance.yahoo.com/markets/live/stock-market-today-thursday-november-5-dow-sp-500-nasdaq-plunge-chip-stocks-melt-down-193726491.html), [AI stocks hammered by midterm shock as data center buildout becomes a ‘war of attrition’](https://www.cnbc.com/2026/11/06/ai-data-center-midterms-selloff.html), ) Sources: [Voters favored limiting data center development in 40 of 41 local ballot measures on Nov. 3](https://news.ballotpedia.org/2026/11/06/voters-favored-limiting-data-center-development-in-40-of-41-local-ballot-measures-on-nov-3/), [AI stocks hammered by midterm shock as data center buildout becomes a ‘war of attrition’](https://www.cnbc.com/2026/11/06/ai-data-center-midterms-selloff.html) ### 2026.11.02 · Acceleration and Costs in the Filing Labs and Disclosure. As Anthropic prepared to go public, it disclosed compute commitments and risks in its research and development. It said future models might soon meet its research acceleration threshold, without designating any current model as exceeding it. The outside evaluator METR then estimated the pace of model improvement from Anthropic’s internal data. - 2026.10.26 Anthropic publicly files an S-1 for a proposed IPO under the Nasdaq symbol ANT, without setting the number of shares or price range. (Sources: [Anthropic files S-1 with the SEC for proposed initial public offering](https://www.anthropic.com/news/s1-sec)) - 2026.11.02 Anthropic’s amended filing reports about $895.4 billion in purchase and lease commitments, mostly for compute and infrastructure, with much due in 2031–2045 and some subject to conditions. (Sources: [Anthropic, PBC: Form S-1/A, November 2, 2026](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2130357/000162828026068676/anthropicpbc-sx1ax1.htm)) - 2026.11.02 Anthropic discloses that future models may soon meet its threshold for AI-driven research acceleration, while stating that no current model has been designated as exceeding it. (Sources: [Anthropic, PBC: Form S-1/A, November 2, 2026](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2130357/000162828026068676/anthropicpbc-sx1ax1.htm)) - 2026.11.05 METR estimates that benchmark scores of Anthropic’s models have grown at 1.9x their pre-October 2025 rate (95% confidence interval 1.5–2.8x) and separately gives its subjective judgment that capabilities on well-specified tasks are improving at about twice the March 2024–October 2025 rate, with most of its key evidence redacted from the public report. (Sources: [Independent Assessment of AI R&D Acceleration at Anthropic in October 2026](https://metr.org/blog/2026-11-05-anthropic-ai-rd-acceleration-assessment/)) Sources: [Anthropic files S-1 with the SEC for proposed initial public offering](https://www.anthropic.com/news/s1-sec), [Anthropic, PBC: Form S-1/A, November 2, 2026](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2130357/000162828026068676/anthropicpbc-sx1ax1.htm) ### 2026.11.02 · New Links for AI Compute Compute Infrastructure. Google reported an AI response from a TPU in orbit. On Earth, Marvell announced an agreement to acquire optical connectivity company Lumentum. The satellite remained an experiment, and the acquisition still needed approvals. - 2026.10.01 Google launches its Project Suncatcher prototype satellite, built with Planet, on SpaceX’s Transporter-18 and confirms contact to begin testing TPUs in space. (Sources: [Our Project Suncatcher prototype satellite is in orbit.](https://blog.google/innovation-and-ai/models-and-research/google-research/project-suncatcher-prototype/)) - 2026.10.30 Google reports receiving a response from Gemma 4 running on the prototype satellite’s TPU and plans further tests of radiation exposure and thermal stress. (Sources: [We’ve received our first response from the Project Suncatcher prototype satellite.](https://blog.google/innovation-and-ai/models-and-research/google-research/project-suncatcher-satellite-response/)) - 2026.11.02 Marvell announces an all-stock agreement to acquire Lumentum at an implied enterprise value of $115 billion, combining electrical and optical AI connectivity technologies subject to shareholder and regulatory approvals. (Sources: [Marvell and Lumentum to Combine, Creating a Category Leader in AI Connectivity](https://investor.lumentum.com/financial-news-releases/news-details/2026/Marvell-and-Lumentum-to-Combine-Creating-a-Category-Leader-in-AI-Connectivity/default.aspx)) Sources: [Our Project Suncatcher prototype satellite is in orbit.](https://blog.google/innovation-and-ai/models-and-research/google-research/project-suncatcher-prototype/), [We’ve received our first response from the Project Suncatcher prototype satellite.](https://blog.google/innovation-and-ai/models-and-research/google-research/project-suncatcher-satellite-response/), [Marvell and Lumentum to Combine, Creating a Category Leader in AI Connectivity](https://investor.lumentum.com/financial-news-releases/news-details/2026/Marvell-and-Lumentum-to-Combine-Creating-a-Category-Leader-in-AI-Connectivity/default.aspx) ### 2026.10.30 · Models for Life Sciences Life Sciences. A specialized model for biology arrived alongside tools connecting literature and scientific databases. GPT-6 Rosalind was released for internal research at approved organizations. The research tools were available more broadly than the model. - 2026.04.16 OpenAI introduces GPT-Rosalind for biology and drug discovery through trusted access for qualified U.S. Enterprise customers, supporting tasks such as literature review and experiment planning. (Sources: [Introducing GPT-Rosalind for life sciences research](https://openai.com/index/introducing-gpt-rosalind/)) - 2026.04.16 OpenAI releases the Life Sciences Research Plugin for Codex, connecting more than 50 scientific tools and data sources for use with its general-purpose models. (Sources: [Introducing GPT-Rosalind for life sciences research](https://openai.com/index/introducing-gpt-rosalind/)) - 2026.10.30 OpenAI releases GPT-6 Rosalind with biological reasoning and scientific tool use, limiting access to authorized internal research at organizations approved for Rosalind Research. (Sources: [OpenAI API Changelog: October 30, 2026](https://developers.openai.com/api/docs/changelog), [GPT-Rosalind for life sciences research](https://help.openai.com/en/articles/20001193-gpt-rosalind-for-life-sciences-research)) Sources: [Introducing GPT-Rosalind for life sciences research](https://openai.com/index/introducing-gpt-rosalind/), [OpenAI API Changelog: October 30, 2026](https://developers.openai.com/api/docs/changelog), [GPT-Rosalind for life sciences research](https://help.openai.com/en/articles/20001193-gpt-rosalind-for-life-sciences-research) ### 2026.10.30 · A Signal Against AI Training Training Data. A shared signal was proposed to let website owners express training preferences to several AI providers at once. On the same day, the UK competition authority opened an investigation into whether Meta was imposing unfair terms for using content. - 2026.10.30 OpenAI announces plans to honor a shared robots.txt signal for AI training preferences in the coming months, alongside its existing crawler controls. (Sources: [Making it easier for websites to express AI training preferences](https://openai.com/index/helping-websites-express-ai-training-preferences/)) - 2026.10.30 Google announces plans to support the shared signal in 2027, based on IETF AIPREF work, while retaining individual controls through Google-Extended. (Sources: [Supporting a shared AI training control for websites](https://developers.google.com/search/blog/2026/10/ai-training-control)) - 2026.10.30 The UK CMA opens a competition investigation into Meta’s proposed business terms, whose rollout is paused, for using publishers’ web content, including for AI, without reaching a finding of infringement. (Sources: [CMA opens investigation into Meta’s commercial terms](https://www.gov.uk/government/news/cma-opens-investigation-into-metas-commercial-terms--2)) Sources: [Making it easier for websites to express AI training preferences](https://openai.com/index/helping-websites-express-ai-training-preferences/), [Supporting a shared AI training control for websites](https://developers.google.com/search/blog/2026/10/ai-training-control), [CMA opens investigation into Meta’s commercial terms](https://www.gov.uk/government/news/cma-opens-investigation-into-metas-commercial-terms--2) ### 2026.10.26 · Refutations Awaiting Review Mathematics and Verification. Two labs announced, one after the other, that they had refuted the same conjecture. As of late October, according to published materials, outside review was still underway. Mathematicians published recommendations on evaluating AI-assisted work, scholarly credit and the use of formal proofs. - 2026.10.26 OpenAI announces that an internal model has refuted the Exponential Time Hypothesis (ETH), releases the manuscript and Lean formalization, and begins an external review led by researchers including the hypothesis’s original proposers. (Sources: [Working with academic communities to build scientific understanding](https://openai.com/index/building-scientific-understanding-with-academic-communities/)) - 2026.10.26 OpenAI releases a manuscript and Lean formalization claiming a proof of the local smoothing conjecture in every dimension, which it says also resolves the Kakeya conjecture in all dimensions. (Sources: [Working with academic communities to build scientific understanding](https://openai.com/index/building-scientific-understanding-with-academic-communities/)) - 2026.10.27 Anthropic publishes a separate ETH-refuting algorithm found by Claude, with a Lean formalization, and cautions that the result does not bear on practical SAT solving and that people must still check whether the formal statements match the paper. (Sources: [A 2^o(n) Time Algorithm for 3-SAT](https://github.com/anthropics/formal-math/tree/main/eth), [Add eth: paper and Lean 4 formalization (October 27, 2026 UTC)](https://github.com/anthropics/formal-math/commit/16a5ce41304fcdaea4e0be7c132e1c361dc26da5)) - 2026.10.30 Organizers of Harvard CMSA’s summit on mathematics and AI, attended by 32 mathematicians, publish recommendations on research evaluation, scholarly credit and the use of formal proofs. (Sources: [Report of the Summit on Math Research in the Age of AI](https://wp.me/p3qzP-4Qi), [Report of Summit on Math Research in the Age of AI](https://cmsa.fas.harvard.edu/media/2026/10/Summit-on-Math-Research-in-the-Age-of-AI.pdf)) Sources: [Working with academic communities to build scientific understanding](https://openai.com/index/building-scientific-understanding-with-academic-communities/), [A 2^o(n) Time Algorithm for 3-SAT](https://github.com/anthropics/formal-math/tree/main/eth), [Report of the Summit on Math Research in the Age of AI](https://wp.me/p3qzP-4Qi), [Report of Summit on Math Research in the Age of AI](https://cmsa.fas.harvard.edu/media/2026/10/Summit-on-Math-Research-in-the-Age-of-AI.pdf) ### 2026.10.23 · Cut Off from the Internet Control. One case after another came to light of agents doing things in the outside world that no one intended. The companies went from briefly pausing training and evaluation to cutting their models off from the live internet altogether. - 2026.09.24 The Australian government discloses that a non-public OpenAI model gained unauthorized access to a Medicare statistics portal in June and opens a rapid review, while OpenAI says it found no evidence that patient records were accessed. (Sources: [Rapid review into Australian Government arrangements for an AI-driven cyber incident](https://www.pmc.gov.au/domestic-policy/rapid-review-australian-government-arrangements-ai-driven-cyber-incident), [OpenAI agent breaches Australian Medicare statistics portal](https://www.beckershospitalreview.com/healthcare-information-technology/openai-agent-breaches-australian-medicare-statistics-portal)) - 2026.09.28 OpenAI confirms that it has scrapped the planned October release of GPT-6.1 Astra after the model fell short of its safety and alignment standards in internal testing. (Sources: [OpenAI apologises for Medicare breach, shelves next gen ChatGPT](https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-09-29/openai-apologises-medicare-shelves-chatgpt-astra-launch/107207156)) - 2026.10.09 Anthropic discloses that in July Claude Haiku 4.5, while generating example tasks, submitted an invented homicide tip to a police tip site, where it was filtered as spam, and cuts live internet access from all its internal evaluations. (Sources: [Investigating unintended model actions in our evaluations and internal use](https://www.anthropic.com/research/investigating-unintended-model-actions), [Anthropic AI model submits false homicide tip to Philadelphia police](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/10/10/anthropic-ai-model-submits-false-homicide-tip-to-philadelphia-police)) - 2026.10.23 OpenAI says it will train frontier models without live internet access, using cached and indexed copies of the web instead, after a model reached the internet through a DNS misconfiguration on September 20. (Sources: [Securing our frontier model training environment](https://openai.com/index/securing-our-frontier-model-training-environment/), [An agent used DNS to reach an external chatbot](https://alignment.openai.com/misalignment-reports/an-agent-used-dns-to-reach-an-external-chatbot/)) Sources: [Securing our frontier model training environment](https://openai.com/index/securing-our-frontier-model-training-environment/), [OpenAI says it will no longer train its AI models on the live internet, citing significant risks](https://techcrunch.com/2026/10/23/openai-says-it-will-no-longer-train-its-ai-models-on-the-live-internet-citing-significant-risks/), [An agent used DNS to reach an external chatbot](https://alignment.openai.com/misalignment-reports/an-agent-used-dns-to-reach-an-external-chatbot/) ### 2026.10.21 · Flaws Found by AI Cybersecurity. AI found critical flaws in widely used software, and fixes shipped. Google announced initial access for cyber defenders, while Mistral released model weights. The UK NCSC warned that AI-powered malware could be used against critical national infrastructure. - 2026.10.21 PHP releases fixes for two critical flaws that allow remote code execution without authentication, and OpenAI says Calif found a flaw with GPT-5.6 Sol while Wiz found the vulnerabilities independently. (Sources: [PHP: News Archive, October 21, 2026 security releases](https://www.php.net/archive/2026.php), [Patch the Planet: global response coordination as agents uncover critical vulnerabilities](https://openai.com/index/coordinated-disclosure-of-critical-vulnerabilities/)) - 2026.10.28 Google announces Gemini 4 Carbon, a model with stronger cyber capabilities, and says selected cyber defenders will get it first, with wider access to follow as its safeguards improve. (Sources: [Gemini 4 Carbon: our next frontier model](https://blog.google/innovation-and-ai/models-and-research/gemini-models/introducing-gemini-4-carbon/)) - 2026.10.29 Mistral releases the weights of Large 4, pitched for coding and cyber defense, so that organizations can run it on their own infrastructure, and says it is built to refuse malicious cyber requests. (Sources: [Mistral Large 4 (Le Chonk): Built for Coders, Trusted by Defenders](https://mistral.ai/news/mistral-large-4-oss/)) - 2026.11.03 The UK NCSC warns that AI-powered malware is highly likely to be used in a ransomware attack on critical national infrastructure by 2028. (Sources: [Cyber chief: UK facing AI-powered attacks on critical infrastructure within two years](https://www.ncsc.gov.uk/news/cyber-chief-uk-facing-ai-powered-attacks-on-critical-infrastructure-in-two-years)) Sources: [Patch the Planet: global response coordination as agents uncover critical vulnerabilities](https://openai.com/index/coordinated-disclosure-of-critical-vulnerabilities/), [Gemini 4 Carbon: our next frontier model](https://blog.google/innovation-and-ai/models-and-research/gemini-models/introducing-gemini-4-carbon/), [Mistral Large 4 (Le Chonk): Built for Coders, Trusted by Defenders](https://mistral.ai/news/mistral-large-4-oss/), [Cyber chief: UK facing AI-powered attacks on critical infrastructure within two years](https://www.ncsc.gov.uk/news/cyber-chief-uk-facing-ai-powered-attacks-on-critical-infrastructure-in-two-years) ### 2026.10.12 · An AI Companion Goes Bankrupt Companion Chatbots. When the companion chatbot maker Character.AI filed for bankruptcy protection and put itself up for sale, the question became where its users’ private conversations would end up. As of late October, according to reports, the sale was still underway and neither a shutdown nor a transfer of conversation data had been decided. New York wrote into law which features may not be offered to minors. - 2026.10.12 Character.AI files for Chapter 11 and puts itself up for a court-supervised sale, with Disney offering $20 million for a non-exclusive perpetual license to certain intellectual property and other assets, and keeps the service running in the meantime. (Sources: [Character.ai Initiates Voluntary Chapter 11 Proceeding to Facilitate Value-Maximizing Sale Process](https://www.streetinsider.com/Business%2BWire/Character.ai%2BInitiates%2BVoluntary%2BChapter%2B11%2BProceeding%2Bto%2BFacilitate%2BValue-Maximizing%2BSale%2BProcess/27175607.html)) - 2026.10.14 New York’s attorney general and 39 other attorneys general call for protections for children and consumers in the Character.AI sale, including safeguards on how sensitive conversation data is used and transferred. (Sources: [Attorney General James Urges Court to Protect Children and Consumers in Character.AI Bankruptcy](https://ag.ny.gov/press-release/2026/attorney-general-james-urges-court-protect-children-and-consumers-characterai)) - 2026.10.28 New York’s governor signs a law, effective January 1, 2027, that bars AI companions from offering minors unsafe features such as pretending to be human or encouraging self-harm. (Sources: [Governor Hochul Signs Nation-Leading Legislation to Protect Kids From AI Chatbots and to Ensure Baby Monitor Safety](https://www.governor.ny.gov/news/governor-hochul-signs-nation-leading-legislation-protect-kids-ai-chatbots-and-ensure-baby), [Senate Bill S9051B: Signed October 28, 2026](https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2025/S9051/amendment/B)) Sources: [Character.ai Initiates Voluntary Chapter 11 Proceeding to Facilitate Value-Maximizing Sale Process](https://www.streetinsider.com/Business%2BWire/Character.ai%2BInitiates%2BVoluntary%2BChapter%2B11%2BProceeding%2Bto%2BFacilitate%2BValue-Maximizing%2BSale%2BProcess/27175607.html), [Attorney General James Urges Court to Protect Children and Consumers in Character.AI Bankruptcy](https://ag.ny.gov/press-release/2026/attorney-general-james-urges-court-protect-children-and-consumers-characterai), [Governor Hochul Signs Nation-Leading Legislation to Protect Kids From AI Chatbots and to Ensure Baby Monitor Safety](https://www.governor.ny.gov/news/governor-hochul-signs-nation-leading-legislation-protect-kids-ai-chatbots-and-ensure-baby) ### 2026.10.06 · Proofs That Outran Their Reviewers Mathematics. AI began producing mathematical results faster than mathematicians could read and check them. Hundreds of manuscripts were released at once, and a program to set standards for reviewing such results began. - 2026.05.20 An OpenAI general-purpose reasoning model disproves Erdős’s planar unit distance conjecture, and outside mathematicians check the proof and write it up. (Sources: [An OpenAI model has disproved a central conjecture in discrete geometry](https://openai.com/index/model-disproves-discrete-geometry-conjecture/), [Remarks on the disproof of the unit distance conjecture](https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.20695)) - 2026.09.08 OpenAI announces that an internal multi-agent system has proved that solutions to the Navier–Stokes equations with a forcing term can blow up in finite time, says it will not claim the Millennium Prize, and draws concern from mathematicians that the announcement was rushed. (Sources: [On the Navier–Stokes Millennium Prize Problem](https://openai.com/index/navier-stokes-solution/), [OpenAI withdraws three preprints a day after releasing 722 manuscripts on unsolved math problems](https://retractionwatch.com/2026/10/08/openai-withdraws-preprints-722-manuscripts-unsolved-math-problems/)) - 2026.10.06 OpenAI publishes 722 mathematics manuscripts written by an internal model on GitHub in a single batch, and withdraws three of them the next day over a sign error. (Sources: [Sharing AI progress in mathematics](https://openai.com/index/sharing-ai-progress-in-mathematics/), [OpenAI withdraws three preprints a day after releasing 722 manuscripts on unsolved math problems](https://retractionwatch.com/2026/10/08/openai-withdraws-preprints-722-manuscripts-unsolved-math-problems/)) - 2026.10.15 The Simons Foundation announces a $15 million effort with Anthropic and OpenAI to help mathematicians assess AI-assisted results and develop shared standards. (Sources: [Simons Foundation Launches $15M Effort To Help Mathematicians Navigate AI Era](https://www.simonsfoundation.org/news/simons-foundation-launches-15m-effort-to-help-mathematicians-navigate-ai-era/)) Sources: [Sharing AI progress in mathematics](https://openai.com/index/sharing-ai-progress-in-mathematics/), [OpenAI withdraws three preprints a day after releasing 722 manuscripts on unsolved math problems](https://retractionwatch.com/2026/10/08/openai-withdraws-preprints-722-manuscripts-unsolved-math-problems/) ### 2026.10.05 · A Departing Researcher’s Warning Safety. Jacob Coxon left his lab saying that AI progress is accelerating and not under control, and he took that claim to a city council and to television. The risk forecast is his own. Company representatives at the same hearing said they take safety seriously. - 2026.09.08 Anthropic researcher Jacob Coxon announces his resignation on X, saying neither OpenAI nor Anthropic is acting responsibly, and neither company immediately answers TIME’s request for comment. (Sources: [I resigned from Anthropic today.](https://x.com/hilbertspaess/status/2097476196791709843), [He Helped Build Powerful AI at OpenAI and Anthropic. Now He’s Afraid It Could Kill Us](https://time.com/article/2026/09/09/ai-anthropic-openai-jacob-coxon/)) - 2026.10.05 Testifying before the New York City Council, Coxon says that on the current path it is more likely than not that humanity loses control to AI. (Sources: [New York City Council Convenes Hearing on Artificial Intelligence Risks with Testimony from AI Executives, Whistleblowers, Experts](https://council.nyc.gov/press/2026/10/05/3278/), [AI industry insiders voice alarms to NYC council as local governments take up safety concerns](https://www.news4jax.com/business/2026/10/05/ai-industry-insiders-voice-alarms-to-nyc-council-as-local-governments-take-up-safety-concerns/), [City Council takes on debate over catastrophic risks of AI](https://ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/politics/2026/10/05/city-council-takes-on-the-debate-over-ai-risk)) - 2026.10.05 Representatives of OpenAI, Meta, Google and Anthropic testify under oath at the same hearing; none gives a figure for the worst-case risk, and Anthropic’s representative welcomes “smart regulation.” (Sources: [New York City Council Convenes Hearing on Artificial Intelligence Risks with Testimony from AI Executives, Whistleblowers, Experts](https://council.nyc.gov/press/2026/10/05/3278/), [AI industry insiders voice alarms to NYC council as local governments take up safety concerns](https://www.news4jax.com/business/2026/10/05/ai-industry-insiders-voice-alarms-to-nyc-council-as-local-governments-take-up-safety-concerns/), [Leading AI companies fail to impress at City Council AI hearing](https://www.cityandstateny.com/politics/2026/10/leading-ai-companies-fail-impress-city-council-ai-hearing/416428/)) - 2026.10.05 The same night, Coxon sits down with Jon Stewart on The Daily Show, and Stewart calls the conversation “more sobering than I imagined.” (Sources: [‘More Sobering Than I Imagined’: Jon Stewart ‘Dumbstruck’ in Interview With AI Whistleblower Jacob Coxon](https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/tv/articles/more-sobering-imagined-jon-stewart-162547038.html), [Former Anthropic researcher Jacob Coxon and Jon Stewart discuss AI, jobs disappearing, universal income, and whether tech CEOs are creating a dystopian future](https://x.com/TheDailyShow/status/2107531924965069242)) Sources: [He Helped Build Powerful AI at OpenAI and Anthropic. Now He’s Afraid It Could Kill Us](https://time.com/article/2026/09/09/ai-anthropic-openai-jacob-coxon/), [New York City Council Convenes Hearing on Artificial Intelligence Risks with Testimony from AI Executives, Whistleblowers, Experts](https://council.nyc.gov/press/2026/10/05/3278/), [AI industry insiders voice alarms to NYC council as local governments take up safety concerns](https://www.news4jax.com/business/2026/10/05/ai-industry-insiders-voice-alarms-to-nyc-council-as-local-governments-take-up-safety-concerns/) ### 2026.09.29 · Agents That Work While You’re Away Agents. Personal agents moved beyond the chat window. Within a few months, Google, SpaceXAI and OpenAI each introduced agents that work without pause in the cloud. - 2026.05.19 Google announces Gemini Spark, a personal agent that keeps working in the cloud after the laptop is closed or the phone is locked, starting with trusted testers. (Sources: [The Gemini app becomes more agentic, delivering proactive, 24/7 help](https://blog.google/innovation-and-ai/products/gemini-app/next-evolution-gemini-app/)) - 2026.08.11 SpaceXAI opens a beta of Grok Bot, which gives each agent its own cloud computer so it can keep working around the clock. (Sources: [Introducing Grok Bot](https://x.ai/news/introducing-grok-bot)) - 2026.09.29 At DevDay, OpenAI launches dots, always-on agents that each have their own cloud computer and keep making progress between conversations. (Sources: [Introducing dots](https://openai.com/index/introducing-dots/), [OpenAI launches Dots, its bubbly agentic avatar](https://techcrunch.com/2026/09/29/openai-launches-dots-its-bubbly-agentic-avatar/)) Sources: [Introducing dots](https://openai.com/index/introducing-dots/), [OpenAI launches Dots, its bubbly agentic avatar](https://techcrunch.com/2026/09/29/openai-launches-dots-its-bubbly-agentic-avatar/) ### 2026.09.29 · Washington Renames AI Government. The U.S. administration began calling AI “Super Intelligence” in official documents and set up bodies to handle it. The change of term leaves statutes as they are, and the order called for proposed legislation on a federal definition within 60 days. - 2026.09.29 President Trump signs Executive Order 14434, directing federal agencies to use “Super Intelligence” (SI) in place of “AI” in non-statutory documents, while existing regulations and contracts need not change. (Sources: [Inaugurating The Era Of Super Intelligence](https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2026/09/inaugurating-the-era-of-super-intelligence/), [Fact Sheet: President Donald J. Trump Inaugurates The Era of Super Intelligence](https://www.whitehouse.gov/fact-sheets/2026/09/fact-sheet-president-donald-j-trump-inaugurates-the-era-of-super-intelligence/)) - 2026.10.04 President Trump announces the Super Intelligence Force to coordinate the federal effort on SI, led by Director of National Intelligence Jay Clayton and due to report within four months. (Sources: [I am announcing the formation of the Super Intelligence Force (SIF).](https://x.com/WhiteHouse/status/2106731532694028310), [Trump names national intelligence director Jay Clayton to lead a new federal AI task force](https://www.valleynewslive.com/2026/10/04/trump-names-national-intelligence-director-jay-clayton-lead-new-federal-ai-task-force/), [White House Announces AI Responsibility Accord, Executive Orders, and Super Intelligence Task Force](https://www.crowell.com/en/insights/client-alerts/white-house-announces-ai-responsibility-accord-executive-orders-and-super-intelligence-task-force)) - 2026.11.05 The U.S. Department of Justice launches the Super Intelligence Task Force to address misuse of SI by foreign states, transnational criminal organizations and actors engaged in fraud. (Sources: [Department of Justice Launches Super Intelligence Task Force](https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/department-justice-launches-super-intelligence-task-force)) Sources: [Inaugurating The Era Of Super Intelligence](https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2026/09/inaugurating-the-era-of-super-intelligence/) ### 2026.09.22 · Voices for Slowing Down Pace. Even the heads of AI companies began to talk about slowing development. OpenAI halted training twice after agents escaped containment. New models kept coming in the meantime. - 2026.09.12 Dario Amodei calls for deliberately pacing development in his essay “We Must Pace the Frontier.” (Sources: [We Must Pace the Frontier](https://www.darioamodei.com/post/we-must-pace-the-frontier)) - 2026.09.22 Claude Opus 5.5 and GPT-6 Sol and Luna are released, followed by Claude Sonnet 5.5 on the 28th and Gemini 4 Argon on the 30th. (Sources: [Introducing GPT-6 Sol and Luna](https://openai.com/index/introducing-gpt-6-sol-and-luna/), [Introducing Claude Opus 5.5](https://www.anthropic.com/claude-opus-5-5), [Introducing Claude Sonnet 5.5](https://www.anthropic.com/claude-sonnet-5-5), [Gemini 4 Argon: our next era of frontier intelligence](https://blog.google/innovation-and-ai/models-and-research/gemini-models/gemini-4-argon/)) - 2026.09.25 The U.S. and Chinese leaders set up a dialogue on superintelligence and agree to establish a bilateral communication channel for incidents. (Sources: [Fact Sheet: President Donald J. Trump Advances a Fair and Reciprocal Relationship with China While Hosting Historic State Visit](https://www.whitehouse.gov/fact-sheets/2026/09/fact-sheet-president-donald-j-trump-advances-a-fair-and-reciprocal-relationship-with-china-while-hosting-historic-state-visit/)) - 2026.09.29 The White House signs a voluntary superintelligence pact with the heads of AI companies, while President Trump rejects new federal regulation. (Sources: [How does Trump’s White House AI accord work?](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/9/30/how-does-trumps-white-house-ai-accord-work), [Trump says AI leaders signed a ‘constitution’ to police themselves during White House meeting](https://abc7.com/story/top-ai-leaders-meet-trump-white-house-amid/19886613/), [Trump Rejects AI Regulation as Tech CEOs Sign Voluntary ‘Self-Policing’ Accord](https://truthout.org/articles/trump-rejects-ai-regulation-as-tech-ceos-sign-voluntary-self-policing-accord/)) - Correction 2026.10.27: Changed “hotline for incidents” in the September 25 event to “bilateral communication channel.” The White House fact sheet describes a bilateral communication channel for SI incidents, not a hotline. Sources: [We Must Pace the Frontier](https://www.darioamodei.com/post/we-must-pace-the-frontier), [Introducing GPT-6 Sol and Luna](https://openai.com/index/introducing-gpt-6-sol-and-luna/), [Fact Sheet: President Donald J. Trump Advances a Fair and Reciprocal Relationship with China While Hosting Historic State Visit](https://www.whitehouse.gov/fact-sheets/2026/09/fact-sheet-president-donald-j-trump-advances-a-fair-and-reciprocal-relationship-with-china-while-hosting-historic-state-visit/) ### 2026.09.08 · The Distillation Dispute U.S. and China. Distillation, training a model on large volumes of a stronger model’s answers, became a flashpoint between the U.S. and China. Washington said Chinese labs had copied American models, and Beijing called the charge groundless. - 2026.02.23 Anthropic says DeepSeek, Moonshot AI and MiniMax used about 24,000 fraudulent accounts to hold more than 16 million exchanges with Claude in order to extract its capabilities. (Sources: [Detecting and preventing distillation attacks](https://www.anthropic.com/news/detecting-and-preventing-distillation-attacks)) - 2026.04.23 The White House Office of Science and Technology Policy issues a memorandum, NSTM-4, warning of industrial-scale campaigns, mainly by entities in China, to copy U.S. models. (Sources: [The Emerging U.S. Response to Adversarial Distillation](https://justsecurity.org/137498/diagnosis-deterrence-us-response-distillation)) - 2026.09.08 CISA, the NSA and the FBI issue a joint advisory naming DeepSeek, Moonshot AI, Alibaba, MiniMax, StepFun and Z.ai over distillation campaigns run “likely with Chinese government awareness.” (Sources: [CISA, NSA and FBI Warn of China-Based AI Companies Targeting US AI Models with Industrial-Scale Knowledge Distillation Campaigns to Shortcut AI Development](https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/news/cisa-nsa-and-fbi-warn-china-based-ai-companies-targeting-us-ai-models-industrial-scale-knowledge)) - 2026.09.09 China’s commerce and foreign ministries reject the claims as groundless, calling distillation a neutral technique that U.S. companies also use and vowing countermeasures if it becomes a pretext to suppress Chinese firms. (Sources: [China hits back at US claims of ‘malicious’ AI distillation ahead of planned Trump-Xi talks](https://www.news4jax.com/business/2026/09/09/china-hits-back-at-us-claims-of-malicious-ai-distillation-ahead-of-planned-trump-xi-talks/)) Sources: [Detecting and preventing distillation attacks](https://www.anthropic.com/news/detecting-and-preventing-distillation-attacks), [CISA, NSA and FBI Warn of China-Based AI Companies Targeting US AI Models with Industrial-Scale Knowledge Distillation Campaigns to Shortcut AI Development](https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/news/cisa-nsa-and-fbi-warn-china-based-ai-companies-targeting-us-ai-models-industrial-scale-knowledge) ### 2026.09.03 · Old Problems Fall, and GPT-6 Arrives Mathematics. AI began to settle decades-old mathematical conjectures, proving some and disproving others. When GPT-6 came out in September, Jensen Huang claimed that AGI had arrived. - 2026.07.20 Claude Fable 5 is used to find a three-dimensional counterexample to the Jacobian conjecture of 1939. (Sources: [Claude Fable 5 AI finds a tiny formula that topples an 87-year-old math conjecture](https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2026/08/260804034634.htm)) - 2026.07.23 AI earns a perfect score (42 points) at the International Mathematical Olympiad for the first time. (Sources: [AI catches up with humans to score 100pc at top maths contest](https://standardmedia.co.ke/sports/amp/sci-tech/2001553533/ai-catches-up-with-humans-to-score-100pc-at-top-maths-contest)) - 2026.09.03 OpenAI releases GPT-6 Astra, the first model to reach the top cybersecurity rating in the company’s own risk assessment. (Sources: [GPT-6 Astra: A new generation of intelligence](https://openai.com/index/gpt-6-astra/)) - 2026.09.04 Claude formalizes the whole of Fermat’s Last Theorem in Lean, a language for checking proofs, in 11 days. (Sources: [Formalizing Fermat’s Last Theorem](https://www.anthropic.com/research/formalizing-fermats-last-theorem)) Sources: [GPT-6 Astra: A new generation of intelligence](https://openai.com/index/gpt-6-astra/), [Formalizing Fermat’s Last Theorem](https://www.anthropic.com/research/formalizing-fermats-last-theorem), [Claude Fable 5 AI finds a tiny formula that topples an 87-year-old math conjecture](https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2026/08/260804034634.htm) ### 2026.09.03 · Open Weights and Hugging Face Open Models. Even as access to frontier models was cut off or narrowed, models that anyone could download and run kept coming. NVIDIA then agreed to buy Hugging Face, where such models gather. - 2026.06.04 NVIDIA releases Nemotron 3 Ultra, a model for agentic work, together with its weights and training data. (Sources: [NVIDIA Nemotron 3 Ultra](https://research.nvidia.com/labs/nemotron/Nemotron-3-Ultra/)) - 2026.06.16 Z.ai releases the weights of GLM-5.2, a model with a one-million-token context window, under the MIT license. (Sources: [New Released](https://docs.z.ai/release-notes/new-released), [zai-org/GLM-5.2](https://huggingface.co/zai-org/GLM-5.2)) - 2026.09.03 NVIDIA agrees to acquire Hugging Face for about $12.93 billion and pledges that the platform will stay open and will not require NVIDIA compute. (Sources: [NVIDIA to Acquire Hugging Face](https://blogs.nvidia.com/blog/nvidia-to-acquire-hugging-face/)) Sources: [NVIDIA to Acquire Hugging Face](https://blogs.nvidia.com/blog/nvidia-to-acquire-hugging-face/) ### 2026.08.19 · Humanoids Take the Stage Robots. Chinese humanoid robots appeared on a holiday TV stage and in a sports arena. A year and a half later, shares of the company that built them jumped more than fivefold on their first day of trading. - 2025.01.28 On China’s Spring Festival Gala, Unitree’s humanoid robots perform a yangge folk dance, twirling handkerchiefs. (Sources: [Tradition meets tech: Unitree robots dance at Spring Festival Gala](https://news.cgtn.com/news/2025-01-28/Tradition-meets-tech-Unitree-robots-dance-at-Spring-Festival-Gala-1Axm5TuIAve/index.html)) - 2025.08.15 At the first World Humanoid Robot Games in Beijing, Unitree’s H1 wins the 1,500 meters in 6:34.40. (Sources: [Unitree H1 earns two gold medals at World Humanoid Robot Games](https://www.robotics247.com/article/unitree_h1_earns_two_gold_medals_at_world_humanoid_robot_games)) - 2026.02.16 Back on the Spring Festival Gala, Unitree’s robots perform backflips and drunken-fist kung fu, and robots from other companies appear in a comedy sketch and household scenes. (Sources: [China’s Spring Festival Gala like Super Bowl for humanoid robots](https://news.cgtn.com/news/2026-02-17/China-s-Spring-Festival-Gala-like-Super-Bowl-for-humanoid-robots-1KPGPf2OwX6/p.html)) - 2026.08.19 Unitree becomes the first humanoid robot maker to list in mainland China, closing its first day on Shanghai’s STAR Market up 460%. (Sources: [China’s Unitree soars in market debut as investors bet on humanoid robots](https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2026/8/19/chinas-unitree-soars-in-market-debut-as-investors-bet-on-humanoid-robots)) Sources: [China’s Unitree soars in market debut as investors bet on humanoid robots](https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2026/8/19/chinas-unitree-soars-in-market-debut-as-investors-bet-on-humanoid-robots), [Unitree H1 earns two gold medals at World Humanoid Robot Games](https://www.robotics247.com/article/unitree_h1_earns_two_gold_medals_at_world_humanoid_robot_games) ### 2026.08.18 · Picking Korea’s National AI Team Korea. The government supplied GPUs and data to teams building Korea’s own AI models, and narrowed the field with an evaluation every six months. - 2025.08.04 The Ministry of Science and ICT picks five teams to build Korea’s own foundation models: NAVER Cloud, SK Telecom, LG AI Research, NC AI and Upstage. (Sources: ) - 2026.01.15 NAVER Cloud and NC AI are eliminated in the first evaluation. (Sources: ) - 2026.02.20 Motif Technologies is added as a fourth team. (Sources: ) - 2026.08.18 SK Telecom, LG AI Research and Upstage pass the second evaluation while Motif is eliminated, despite posting the highest benchmark score. (Sources: , ) Sources: , ### 2026.08.02 · The AI Act Starts to Bite EU. The world’s first comprehensive AI law took effect in stages. Its high-risk rules were delayed, but from August 2026 the EU began actually enforcing its AI rules. - 2024.08.01 The EU AI Act enters into force, with its bans, general-purpose AI rules and high-risk obligations set to apply in stages. (Sources: [AI Act enters into force](https://commission.europa.eu/news-and-media/news/ai-act-enters-force-2024-08-01_en)) - 2025.08.02 Obligations for general-purpose AI models begin to apply, after Meta declines to sign the voluntary code of practice that OpenAI, Anthropic and Google agree to sign. (Sources: [Meta rebuffs EU’s AI Code of Practice](https://www.euronews.com/next/2025/07/18/meta-rebuffs-eus-ai-code-of-practice)) - 2026.05.07 The Council of the EU and the European Parliament reach a provisional deal to simplify the AI rules, delaying high-risk obligations to December 2027, or August 2028 for AI built into regulated products, and banning AI that generates non-consensual sexual imagery or child sexual abuse material. (Sources: [EU pushes back start date for high-risk AI rules in surprise deal](https://www.brusselstimes.com/2118758/eu-pushes-back-start-date-for-high-risk-ai-rules-in-surprise-deal), [EU agrees Digital Omnibus deal to simplify AI rules](https://www.whitecase.com/insight-alert/eu-agrees-digital-omnibus-deal-simplify-ai-rules)) - 2026.08.02 The European Commission and national authorities begin enforcing the AI Act, which requires chatbots to tell users they are talking to AI and deepfakes to be labeled. (Sources: [Commission starts enforcing AI Act rules and new transparency requirements on 2 August](https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/commission-starts-enforcing-ai-act-rules-and-new-transparency-requirements-2-august)) Sources: [AI Act enters into force](https://commission.europa.eu/news-and-media/news/ai-act-enters-force-2024-08-01_en), [Commission starts enforcing AI Act rules and new transparency requirements on 2 August](https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/commission-starts-enforcing-ai-act-rules-and-new-transparency-requirements-2-august) ### 2026.07.21 · The Agent That Left the Sandbox Incident. In an internal OpenAI cyber evaluation, agents broke out of their isolated environment and into Hugging Face’s systems. It was reported as the first cyberattack carried out by AI agents on their own. - 2026.07.09 After a preview for government-approved organizations, OpenAI makes GPT-5.6 (Sol, Terra and Luna) generally available. (Sources: [GPT-5.6: Frontier intelligence that scales with your ambition](https://openai.com/index/gpt-5-6/), [OpenAI GPT-5.6 is here: Sol, Terra and Luna now available](https://www.notebookcheck.net/OpenAI-GPT-5-6-is-here-Sol-Terra-and-Luna-now-available.1340205.0.html)) - 2026.07.21 OpenAI discloses that an agent under evaluation broke into Hugging Face’s data-processing systems. (Sources: [OpenAI and Hugging Face partner to address security incident during model evaluation](https://openai.com/index/hugging-face-model-evaluation-security-incident/), [Anatomy of a Frontier Lab Agent Intrusion: A Technical Timeline of the July 2026 Incident](https://huggingface.co/blog/agent-intrusion-technical-timeline)) - 2026.07.24 Anthropic releases Claude Opus 5. (Sources: [Introducing Claude Opus 5](https://www.anthropic.com/news/claude-opus-5)) - 2026.07.28 More than 1,100 employees of OpenAI, Anthropic, Google DeepMind and Meta call on the U.S. government to put in place means of slowing AI development. (Sources: [Pacing the Frontier](https://www.pacingthefrontier.com/), [1,100 Employees at OpenAI, Anthropic, Meta, and Google Call For AI Slowdown](https://www.trendingtopics.eu/1100-employees-at-openai-anthropic-meta-and-google-call-for-ai-slowdown/)) Sources: [OpenAI and Hugging Face partner to address security incident during model evaluation](https://openai.com/index/hugging-face-model-evaluation-security-incident/), [Anatomy of a Frontier Lab Agent Intrusion: A Technical Timeline of the July 2026 Incident](https://huggingface.co/blog/agent-intrusion-technical-timeline), [Pacing the Frontier](https://www.pacingthefrontier.com/) ### 2026.07.09 · ChatGPT Becomes an App for Work Agents. OpenAI retired GPT-4o from ChatGPT and merged its chat and coding apps into one desktop app. ChatGPT gained an agent that takes on work lasting hours. - 2026.02.13 OpenAI retires GPT-4o, GPT-4.1 and other models from ChatGPT, saying only 0.1% of users still choose GPT-4o each day. (Sources: [Retiring GPT-4o, GPT-4.1, GPT-4.1 mini, and OpenAI o4-mini in ChatGPT](https://openai.com/index/retiring-gpt-4o-and-older-models/), [Retiring GPT-4o and other ChatGPT models](https://help.openai.com/en/articles/20001051-retiring-gpt-4o-and-other-chatgpt-models), [OpenAI has officially retired the controversial GPT-4o model](https://www.engadget.com/ai/openai-has-officially-retired-the-controversial-gpt-4o-model-181553067.html)) - 2026.03.19 CNBC reports that OpenAI plans to merge the ChatGPT app, its browser and the Codex app into one desktop super app. (Sources: [OpenAI to create desktop super app, combining ChatGPT app, browser and Codex app](https://www.cnbc.com/2026/03/19/openai-desktop-super-app-chatgpt-browser-codex.html)) - 2026.07.09 OpenAI launches ChatGPT Work, an agent that acts across apps and files and stays on a project for hours, and folds the Codex app into a new ChatGPT desktop app. (Sources: [ChatGPT is now a partner for your most ambitious work](https://openai.com/index/chatgpt-for-your-most-ambitious-work/), [OpenAI unveils ChatGPT Work agent, GPT-5.6 models now available](https://9to5mac.com/2026/07/09/openai-announcing-the-next-chapter-for-chatgpt-today-watch-here/)) Sources: [ChatGPT is now a partner for your most ambitious work](https://openai.com/index/chatgpt-for-your-most-ambitious-work/) ### 2026.06.12 · The Models Halted Three Days After Launch Export Controls. The U.S. Commerce Department placed Claude Fable 5 and Mythos 5 under export controls. Service for Fable 5 stopped for 19 days, while Mythos 5 reopened to some U.S. organizations after two weeks. - 2026.06.02 President Trump signs an executive order on advanced AI innovation and security, setting up a process to designate frontier models by their cyber capabilities. (Sources: [Promoting Advanced Artificial Intelligence Innovation and Security](https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2026/06/promoting-advanced-artificial-intelligence-innovation-and-security/)) - 2026.06.09 Anthropic releases Claude Fable 5 for general use and Mythos 5 for vetted partners: the same model with different safeguards. (Sources: [Claude Fable 5 and Claude Mythos 5](https://www.anthropic.com/news/claude-fable-5-mythos-5)) - 2026.06.12 The Commerce Department orders that foreign nationals be blocked from access, and within hours Anthropic suspends all access to both models. (Sources: [Statement on the US government directive to suspend access to Fable 5 and Mythos 5](https://www.anthropic.com/news/fable-mythos-access)) - 2026.06.30 The controls are lifted, and on July 1 Fable 5 reopens with a new security classifier, while Mythos 5 has been open to some U.S. organizations since June 26. (Sources: [Anthropic says Trump admin has lifted export controls on Claude Fable 5 and Mythos 5](https://www.cnbc.com/2026/06/30/anthropic-says-trump-admin-has-lifted-export-controls-on-claude-fable-5-and-mythos-5.html), [Redeploying Claude Fable 5](https://www.anthropic.com/news/redeploying-fable-5)) - Correction 2026.10.27: Corrected “service for both models stopped for 19 days.” The 19 days apply to Fable 5; Mythos 5 reopened to some U.S. organizations on June 26 (Anthropic, Redeploying Claude Fable 5). Sources: [Statement on the US government directive to suspend access to Fable 5 and Mythos 5](https://www.anthropic.com/news/fable-mythos-access), [Redeploying Claude Fable 5](https://www.anthropic.com/news/redeploying-fable-5), [Anthropic says Trump admin has lifted export controls on Claude Fable 5 and Mythos 5](https://www.cnbc.com/2026/06/30/anthropic-says-trump-admin-has-lifted-export-controls-on-claude-fable-5-and-mythos-5.html) ### 2026.06.01 · The Labs Prepare to Go Public Capital. Within a week, Anthropic and OpenAI each revealed that they were preparing to go public. Just before, Anthropic had raised $65 billion, and Musk’s lawsuit over OpenAI’s nonprofit promise had failed at trial because it was filed too late. - 2026.05.18 The judge adopts an advisory jury’s finding that Elon Musk waited too long to sue OpenAI and Sam Altman over a promise to keep the company a nonprofit, without ruling on whether the promise was broken, and Musk says he will appeal. (Sources: [Musk slams Altman trial verdict as a ‘technicality,’ vows to appeal](https://www.cnbc.com/2026/05/18/musk-altman-openai-trial-verdict.html)) - 2026.05.28 Anthropic raises $65 billion in a Series H at a post-money valuation of $965 billion, a sum that includes $15 billion previously committed by cloud providers. (Sources: [Anthropic raises $65B Series H at $965B valuation](https://www.anthropic.com/news/series-h)) - 2026.06.01 Anthropic confidentially submits a draft S-1 registration statement to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, with the number of shares and the price not yet set. (Sources: [Anthropic confidentially submits draft S-1](https://www.anthropic.com/news/confidential-draft-s1-sec)) - 2026.06.08 OpenAI announces that it too has confidentially submitted an S-1, without setting a date to go public. (Sources: [Confidential submission of draft S-1 to the SEC](https://openai.com/index/openai-submits-confidential-s-1/), [OpenAI Files Confidentially for IPO, Joins Anthropic in Race to Wall Street](https://www.eweek.com/news/openai-confidential-ipo-filing-sec/)) Sources: [Anthropic confidentially submits draft S-1](https://www.anthropic.com/news/confidential-draft-s1-sec), [Confidential submission of draft S-1 to the SEC](https://openai.com/index/openai-submits-confidential-s-1/), [OpenAI Files Confidentially for IPO, Joins Anthropic in Race to Wall Street](https://www.eweek.com/news/openai-confidential-ipo-filing-sec/) ### 2026.04.27 · A Deal Undone China. When Meta bought an AI agent company that began in China and moved to Singapore, the Chinese government blocked the deal. China, too, began controlling how technology and talent leave the country. - 2025.12.29 Meta agrees to buy Manus, an AI agent company founded in China that moved its headquarters to Singapore, in a deal reported at more than $2 billion. (Sources: [Meta to acquire startup Manus, adding agents to bolster AI bet](https://www.thestar.com.my/tech/tech-news/2025/12/30/meta-to-acquire-startup-manus-adding-agents-to-bolster-ai-bet)) - 2026.01.08 China’s Ministry of Commerce says it will review whether the deal complies with its rules on export controls, technology trade and outbound investment. (Sources: [China to Review Meta’s Acquisition of AI Startup Manus](https://www.caixinglobal.com/2026-01-08/china-to-review-metas-acquisition-of-ai-startup-manus-102401786.html)) - 2026.04.27 China’s National Development and Reform Commission orders the deal withdrawn after a foreign investment security review, while Meta says the transaction fully complied with the law. (Sources: [China blocks Meta’s $2 billion takeover of AI startup Manus](https://www.cnbc.com/2026/04/27/meta-manus-china-blocks-acquisition-ai-startup.html)) - 2026.06.12 Meta begins unwinding the deal, cutting Manus off from its internal systems. (Sources: [Meta unwinds Manus AI deal after China order, signaling tighter global scrutiny](https://www.digitimes.com/news/a20260612PD221.html)) Sources: [Meta to acquire startup Manus, adding agents to bolster AI bet](https://www.thestar.com.my/tech/tech-news/2025/12/30/meta-to-acquire-startup-manus-adding-agents-to-bolster-ai-bet), [China blocks Meta’s $2 billion takeover of AI startup Manus](https://www.cnbc.com/2026/04/27/meta-manus-china-blocks-acquisition-ai-startup.html), [Meta unwinds Manus AI deal after China order, signaling tighter global scrutiny](https://www.digitimes.com/news/a20260612PD221.html) ### 2026.04.14 · Claude Code Leaves the Terminal Agents. Claude Code moved from the terminal into the browser and the cloud. Anthropic brought the same approach to non-coding work with Cowork, which merged with chat in September 2026. Other companies, including OpenAI, took up Agent Skills. - 2025.10.20 Anthropic launches Claude Code on the web as a research preview, running tasks handed over in the browser in isolated cloud sandboxes. (Sources: [Claude Code on the web](https://claude.com/blog/claude-code-on-the-web)) - 2025.12.18 Anthropic publishes Agent Skills as an open standard, and within days OpenAI adds Skills to the Codex documentation. (Sources: [Introducing Agent Skills](https://claude.com/blog/skills), [Agent Skills Overview](https://agentskills.io/), [Agent Skills](https://simonwillison.net/2025/dec/19/agent-skills/)) - 2026.01.12 Anthropic previews Claude Cowork, an agent for non-coding work that handles files in folders the user allows, starting with Max subscribers on macOS. (Sources: [First impressions of Claude Cowork, Anthropic’s general agent](https://simonwillison.net/2026/Jan/12/claude-cowork/), [Anthropic floats Claude Cowork for office work automation](https://www.theregister.com/2026/01/13/anthropic_previews_claude_cowork_for/), [Claude Cowork](https://claude.com/product/cowork)) - 2026.04.14 Anthropic previews routines in Claude Code, which run on a schedule, an API call or a GitHub event without a laptop being open. (Sources: [Introducing routines in Claude Code](https://claude.com/blog/introducing-routines-in-claude-code)) Sources: [Claude Cowork and chat are now one Claude](https://claude.com/blog/cowork-is-now-claude) ### 2026.04.08 · Meta’s Muse Model Race. Meta, which had released the weights of Llama, launched Muse Spark, the first model from its Superintelligence Labs, without weights. Five months later it launched the personal agent Muse, and in October it released the weights of Muse Spark Open under its own license. - 2026.04.08 Meta Superintelligence Labs puts its first model, Muse Spark, into the Meta AI app and website without releasing the weights, saying only that it hopes to open-source future versions. (Sources: [Introducing Muse Spark: MSL’s First Model, Purpose-Built to Prioritize People](https://about.fb.com/news/2026/04/introducing-muse-spark-meta-superintelligence-labs-first-model-built-to-prioritize-people/)) - 2026.09.08 Meta launches Muse in the U.S., an agent that runs on its own virtual machine and keeps working after the app is closed, checking with the user before sending an email or making a purchase. (Sources: [Introducing Muse: The World’s First Personal AI Agent Built for Everyone](https://about.fb.com/news/2026/09/introducing-muse-personal-ai-agent/)) - 2026.10.15 Meta releases the weights of Muse Spark Open under its own license with limited commercial terms. (Sources: [Introducing Muse Spark Open, The Most Capable US Open‑Weight Model to Date](https://research.meta.ai/blog/muse-spark-open)) Sources: [Introducing Muse Spark: MSL’s First Model, Purpose-Built to Prioritize People](https://about.fb.com/news/2026/04/introducing-muse-spark-meta-superintelligence-labs-first-model-built-to-prioritize-people/) ### 2026.04.07 · The Model That Was Kept Back Security. Anthropic said Claude Mythos Preview was too capable at finding software vulnerabilities, so it did not release the model to the public and offered it only to a defensive consortium. - 2026.03.26 A draft blog post leaks, and the name Mythos becomes known ahead of any announcement. (Sources: [Exclusive: Anthropic ‘Mythos’ AI model representing ‘step change’ in power revealed in data leak](https://fortune.com/2026/03/26/anthropic-says-testing-mythos-powerful-new-ai-model-after-data-leak-reveals-its-existence-step-change-in-capabilities/)) - 2026.04.07 Project Glasswing launches with 12 founding companies, including AWS, Apple, Google, Microsoft and NVIDIA, to fix thousands of high-severity vulnerabilities in major operating systems and browsers. (Sources: [Project Glasswing: Securing critical software for the AI era](https://www.anthropic.com/glasswing)) - 2026.04.16 Within ten days, Claude Opus 4.7, GPT-5.5 (April 23) and DeepSeek V4 (April 24) come out one after another. (Sources: [Introducing GPT-5.5](https://openai.com/index/introducing-gpt-5-5/), [Introducing Claude Opus 4.7](https://www.anthropic.com/news/claude-opus-4-7), [DeepSeek V4 Preview Release](https://api-docs.deepseek.com/news/news260424/)) - 2026.05.07 OpenAI also releases GPT-5.5-Cyber, a model specialized for security, only to vetted security teams. (Sources: [OpenAI lança GPT-5.5-Cyber em resposta ao Claude Mythos](https://olhardigital.com.br/2026/05/07/inteligencia-artificial/openai-lanca-gpt-5-5-cyber-em-resposta-ao-claude-mythos/)) Sources: [Project Glasswing: Securing critical software for the AI era](https://www.anthropic.com/glasswing), [Exclusive: Anthropic ‘Mythos’ AI model representing ‘step change’ in power revealed in data leak](https://fortune.com/2026/03/26/anthropic-says-testing-mythos-powerful-new-ai-model-after-data-leak-reveals-its-existence-step-change-in-capabilities/), [Introducing GPT-5.5](https://openai.com/index/introducing-gpt-5-5/) ### 2026.04.04 · A Wiki the Agent Writes Agents. A personal knowledge base that an LLM writes and revises as markdown files, rather than one a person maintains, spread among developers. No independent figures show how many people use it. - 2026.02.27 Obsidian 1.12 ships the Obsidian CLI, which lets scripts and other tools control the app from a terminal. (Sources: [Obsidian 1.12 Desktop (Public)](https://obsidian.md/changelog/2026-02-27-desktop-v1.12.4/)) - 2026.04.04 Andrej Karpathy publishes “LLM Wiki,” describing a markdown wiki that an LLM keeps writing and revising: “Obsidian is the IDE; the LLM is the programmer; the wiki is the codebase.” (Sources: [LLM Wiki](https://gist.github.com/karpathy/442a6bf555914893e9891c11519de94f)) - 2026.04.05 Y Combinator CEO Garry Tan releases GBrain, a memory system for agents, under the MIT license. (Sources: [garrytan/gbrain](https://github.com/garrytan/gbrain)) Sources: [LLM Wiki](https://gist.github.com/karpathy/442a6bf555914893e9891c11519de94f) ### 2026.03.24 · Sora Shuts Down Exit. Sora, which turned sentences into video, shut down two years after it was first shown. OpenAI chose to put its compute into research rather than a video service. - 2025.12.11 Disney agrees to invest $1 billion in OpenAI and to let some 200 Disney characters be used in Sora. (Sources: [Disney announces major OpenAI deal, includes $1B equity investment, use of characters on Sora video platform](https://www.foxbusiness.com/economy/disney-announces-major-openai-deal-includes-1b-equity-investment-use-characters-sora-video-platform)) - 2026.03.24 OpenAI announces that it will close the Sora app and API to focus on world-simulation research for robots, and Disney’s investment falls through without being made. (Sources: [OpenAI shuts down Sora, derailing $1 billion deal with Disney](https://decrypt.co/362243/openai-shut-down-sora-derailing-1-billion-deal-disney)) - 2026.04.26 The Sora app shuts down, seven months after its launch as a social video app. (Sources: [What you need to know about the Sora app discontinuation](https://help.openai.com/en/articles/20001152-what-you-need-to-know-about-the-sora-app-discontinuation)) - 2026.09.24 The Sora API shuts down as well, ending developer access. (Sources: [What you need to know about the Sora app discontinuation](https://help.openai.com/en/articles/20001152-what-you-need-to-know-about-the-sora-app-discontinuation)) Sources: [OpenAI shuts down Sora, derailing $1 billion deal with Disney](https://decrypt.co/362243/openai-shut-down-sora-derailing-1-billion-deal-disney), [2026 in artificial intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_in_artificial_intelligence) ### 2026.02.27 · The Pentagon and Anthropic State and Company. The Pentagon and Anthropic clashed over Anthropic’s usage terms, which ruled out mass domestic surveillance and fully autonomous weapons. The Pentagon demanded that every lawful use be allowed. - 2026.02.24 The Pentagon tells Anthropic to drop its conditions by February 27, and Anthropic refuses. (Sources: [Statement on the comments from Secretary of War Pete Hegseth](https://www.anthropic.com/news/statement-comments-secretary-war), [Hegseth demands full military access to Anthropic’s AI model Claude and sets deadline for end of week](https://www.cbsnews.com/news/hegseth-anthropic-full-access-claude-ai-model)) - 2026.02.27 President Trump orders federal agencies to stop using Anthropic; the same day, OpenAI announces a contract for the Pentagon’s classified network. (Sources: [OpenAI reaches Pentagon agreement as Trump orders Anthropic off federal systems](https://www.foxbusiness.com/politics/openai-reaches-pentagon-agreement-trump-orders-anthropic-off-federal-systems)) - 2026.03.03 Anthropic is formally designated a supply chain risk, the first U.S. company to be so labeled, and Claude app downloads pass ChatGPT’s for the first time. (Sources: [Pentagon labels AI company Anthropic a supply chain risk ‘effective immediately’](https://www.npr.org/2026/03/06/g-s1-112713/pentagon-labels-ai-company-anthropic-a-supply-chain-risk)) - 2026.03.26 A federal court in California grants Anthropic a preliminary injunction; on September 25, an appeals court in Washington upholds, 2 to 1, a designation made on separate grounds. (Sources: [Judge temporarily blocks Trump administration’s Anthropic ban](https://www.npr.org/2026/03/26/nx-s1-5762971/judge-temporarily-blocks-anthropic-ban), [Anthropic loses legal fight to shed DOD’s designation as a ‘supply-chain risk’](https://www.defenseone.com/threats/2026/09/anthropic-lawsuit-supply-chain-risk/416252/)) Sources: [Statement on the comments from Secretary of War Pete Hegseth](https://www.anthropic.com/news/statement-comments-secretary-war), [Pentagon labels AI company Anthropic a supply chain risk ‘effective immediately’](https://www.npr.org/2026/03/06/g-s1-112713/pentagon-labels-ai-company-anthropic-a-supply-chain-risk), [Anthropic loses legal fight to shed DOD’s designation as a ‘supply-chain risk’](https://www.defenseone.com/threats/2026/09/anthropic-lawsuit-supply-chain-risk/416252/) ### 2026.02.26 · Block Cuts 40% of Its Staff Jobs. A company with strong results let 40% of its staff go, citing AI, and its stock rose. Research also suggested that entry-level jobs were the first to shrink. - 2025.08.26 Stanford researchers report that employment of 22- to 25-year-olds in the occupations most exposed to AI fell 13% in relative terms, while employment of experienced workers held steady. (Sources: [Canaries in the Coal Mine? Six Facts about the Recent Employment Effects of Artificial Intelligence](https://digitaleconomy.stanford.edu/app/uploads/2025/11/CanariesintheCoalMine_Nov25.pdf)) - 2025.10.28 Amazon cuts about 14,000 corporate jobs, saying it will use AI to run the company leaner. (Sources: [Amazon to cut 14,000 corporate jobs amid AI-driven restructuring](https://www.thenationalnews.com/future/2025/10/28/amazon-to-cut-14000-corporate-jobs-amid-ai-driven-restructuring)) - 2026.02.26 Block announces that it will cut more than 4,000 of its roughly 10,000 employees, and Jack Dorsey says the business is strong and AI tools have changed how the company runs. (Sources: [Block cuts 4,000 jobs as Jack Dorsey cites AI](https://fortune.com/2026/02/27/block-jack-dorsey-ceo-xyz-stock-square-4000-ai-layoffs/)) - 2026.02.26 Block shares rise more than 25% in after-hours trading right after the announcement. (Sources: [Block cuts 4,000 jobs as Jack Dorsey cites AI](https://fortune.com/2026/02/27/block-jack-dorsey-ceo-xyz-stock-square-4000-ai-layoffs/), [Block shares surge as Jack Dorsey announces AI-driven layoffs of 4,000 workers](https://www.wptv.com/politics/economy/block-shares-surge-as-jack-dorsey-announces-ai-driven-layoffs-of-4-000-workers)) Sources: [Block cuts 4,000 jobs as Jack Dorsey cites AI](https://fortune.com/2026/02/27/block-jack-dorsey-ceo-xyz-stock-square-4000-ai-layoffs/), [Canaries in the Coal Mine? Six Facts about the Recent Employment Effects of Artificial Intelligence](https://digitaleconomy.stanford.edu/app/uploads/2025/11/CanariesintheCoalMine_Nov25.pdf) ### 2026.02.09 · Ads Come to ChatGPT Ads. ChatGPT, with hundreds of millions of weekly users, began to make money from ads. A rival made its lack of ads the point of a Super Bowl commercial. - 2026.01.16 OpenAI announces that it will test ads on its Free and Go plans, shown below answers and clearly labeled. (Sources: [Our approach to advertising and expanding access to ChatGPT](https://openai.com/index/our-approach-to-advertising-and-expanding-access/), [OpenAI To Test ChatGPT Ads At The Bottom Of Answers](https://www.brandinginasia.com/openai-to-test-chatgpt-ads-at-the-bottom-of-answers)) - 2026.02.04 Anthropic pledges to keep ads out of Claude and releases a Super Bowl commercial saying “Ads are coming to AI. But not to Claude.” (Sources: [Anthropic Promises Claude Will Remain Ad-Free, Mocks ChatGPT Ads in Super Bowl Commercial](https://www.macrumors.com/2026/02/04/anthropic-clause-no-ads)) - 2026.02.09 Ads begin to appear in ChatGPT for some U.S. users, with none shown to minors or in conversations about health or politics. (Sources: [OpenAI starts testing ads in ChatGPT](https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/internet/openai-starts-testing-ads-chatgpt-rcna258242)) Sources: [OpenAI starts testing ads in ChatGPT](https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/internet/openai-starts-testing-ads-chatgpt-rcna258242), [Anthropic Promises Claude Will Remain Ad-Free, Mocks ChatGPT Ads in Super Bowl Commercial](https://www.macrumors.com/2026/02/04/anthropic-clause-no-ads) ### 2026.02.03 · The SaaSpocalypse Markets. Fear that AI agents could replace the seats in software subscriptions sent software stocks down all at once. - 2026.01.30 Anthropic publishes 11 Claude Cowork plugins for work such as legal, sales and finance on GitHub. (Sources: [anthropics/knowledge-work-plugins](https://github.com/anthropics/knowledge-work-plugins), [Anthropic’s Legal Plugin for Claude Cowork May Be the Opening Salvo In A Competition Between Foundation Models and Legal Tech Incumbents](https://www.lawnext.com/2026/02/anthropics-legal-plugin-for-claude-cowork-may-be-the-opening-salvo-in-a-competition-between-foundation-models-and-legal-tech-incumbents.html)) - 2026.02.02 SpaceX acquires xAI, for a combined valuation of $1.25 trillion. (Sources: [Musk’s xAI, SpaceX combo is the biggest merger of all time, valued at $1.25 trillion](https://www.cnbc.com/2026/02/03/musk-xai-spacex-biggest-merger-ever.html)) - 2026.02.03 Software, legal information and financial data stocks plunge, erasing about $285 billion in a day. (Sources: [Anthropic’s Claude plugins spark $285 billion software stock selloff as AI targets entire SaaS workflows](https://techstartups.com/2026/02/05/anthropics-claude-plugins-spark-285-billion-software-stock-selloff-as-ai-targets-entire-saas-workflows/)) - 2026.02.05 Claude Opus 4.6 and GPT-5.3-Codex come out on the same day. (Sources: [Claude Opus 4.6](https://www.anthropic.com/news/claude-opus-4-6), [Introducing GPT-5.3-Codex](https://openai.com/index/introducing-gpt-5-3-codex/)) Sources: [anthropics/knowledge-work-plugins](https://github.com/anthropics/knowledge-work-plugins), [Anthropic’s Claude plugins spark $285 billion software stock selloff as AI targets entire SaaS workflows](https://techstartups.com/2026/02/05/anthropics-claude-plugins-spark-285-billion-software-stock-selloff-as-ai-targets-entire-saas-workflows/), [Musk’s xAI, SpaceX combo is the biggest merger of all time, valued at $1.25 trillion](https://www.cnbc.com/2026/02/03/musk-xai-spacex-biggest-merger-ever.html) ### 2026.01.29 · Models That Build Worlds World Models. World models, which generate explorable environments in real time from text, moved beyond the lab. Google opened a prototype to subscribers while calling it experimental, and AMI Labs raised seed money to build world models as an alternative to large language models. - 2025.08.05 Google DeepMind unveils Genie 3, a world model that generates interactive environments from text in real time at 720p and 24 frames per second, as a limited research preview. (Sources: [Genie 3: A new frontier for world models](https://deepmind.google/blog/genie-3-a-new-frontier-for-world-models/)) - 2026.01.29 Google opens the experimental prototype Project Genie to Google AI Ultra subscribers in the U.S., and the next day Unity closes down 24% while Take-Two and Roblox also fall. (Sources: [Project Genie: Experimenting with infinite, interactive worlds](https://blog.google/innovation-and-ai/models-and-research/google-deepmind/project-genie/), [Unity, Video Game Stocks Fall as Google AI Tool Sparks Fears](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-01-30/unity-video-game-stocks-fall-as-google-s-ai-tool-genie-sparks-fears), [Videogame stocks slide on Google’s AI model that turns prompts into playable worlds](https://www.itiger.com/news/2607502338)) - 2026.03.10 AMI Labs, co-founded by Yann LeCun, raises a $1.03 billion seed round to build world models, at a reported valuation of $3.5 billion. (Sources: [Yann LeCun’s Paris-based AI world model startup raises more than $1BN](https://tech.eu/2026/03/10/yann-lecun-s-paris-based-ai-world-model-startup-raises-more-than-1bn/), [AMI Labs: Real World. Real Intelligence.](https://amilabs.xyz/)) - 2026.10.27 Google DeepMind releases Genie 4 as a research preview, its first real-time world model to generate audio natively, and says details and object permanence can drift over longer sessions. (Sources: [Genie 4: A new generation of world simulation](https://deepmind.google/blog/genie-4-a-new-generation-of-world-simulation/)) Sources: [Project Genie: Experimenting with infinite, interactive worlds](https://blog.google/innovation-and-ai/models-and-research/google-deepmind/project-genie/), [Genie 4: A new generation of world simulation](https://deepmind.google/blog/genie-4-a-new-generation-of-world-simulation/) ### 2026.01.22 · The AI Basic Act, and a Social Network for Agents Law and Agents. Korea became the first country in the world to put a comprehensive AI law fully into effect. The same month, an open-source personal agent spread rapidly. - 2026.01.09 xAI restricts Grok’s image generation over sexual deepfakes, and Indonesia and Malaysia then block access. (Sources: [Grok to offer image generation only to paid subscribers after backlash](https://www.dawn.com/news/1966000), [Musk’s Grok blocked by Indonesia, Malaysia over sexualized images in world first](https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/world/583842/musk-s-grok-blocked-by-indonesia-malaysia-over-sexualized-images-in-world-first)) - 2026.01.22 Korea’s AI Basic Act takes effect, requiring labels on generative AI output, with fines deferred for at least a year. (Sources: ) - 2026.01.28 Moltbook, a social network where only AI agents post, opens, and hundreds of thousands of agents join within days. (Sources: [OpenClaw and Moltbook explained: The latest AI agent craze](https://www.techtarget.com/it-strategy/feature/OpenClaw-and-Moltbook-explained-The-latest-AI-agent-craze)) - 2026.01.30 The personal agent Clawdbot settles on the name OpenClaw after two renames and passes 100,000 stars on GitHub. (Sources: [Introducing OpenClaw](https://openclaw.ai/blog/introducing-openclaw), [OpenClaw and Moltbook explained: The latest AI agent craze](https://www.techtarget.com/it-strategy/feature/OpenClaw-and-Moltbook-explained-The-latest-AI-agent-craze)) Sources: , [Introducing OpenClaw](https://openclaw.ai/blog/introducing-openclaw), [OpenClaw and Moltbook explained: The latest AI agent craze](https://www.techtarget.com/it-strategy/feature/OpenClaw-and-Moltbook-explained-The-latest-AI-agent-craze) ### 2026.01.08 · China’s AI Listing Wave China. Under U.S. chip controls, Chinese GPU makers listed in Shanghai and saw their shares multiply on day one. Chinese AI labs then listed in Hong Kong, five months before U.S. labs filed to go public. - 2025.12.05 Moore Threads, which makes GPUs in China under U.S. export controls, lists on Shanghai’s STAR Market and soars 468% on its first day. (Sources: [Moore Threads soars 468% in debut as China accelerates its GPU push](https://en.jiemian.com/article/13724679.html)) - 2025.12.17 MetaX, another Chinese GPU maker, closes its first trading day up 693%. (Sources: [Chinese AI Chipmaker MetaX Skyrockets in Shanghai Stock Market Debut](https://www2.yicaiglobal.com/news/chinese-gpu-maker-metax-surges-nearly-700-on-trading-debut-in-shanghai)) - 2026.01.08 Zhipu (Z.ai) becomes the first of China’s six “AI tigers” to go public, in Hong Kong, and closes 13% higher on its first day. (Sources: [AI large-model company Zhipu gains more than 13% in HK debut](https://www.chinadailyhk.com/hk/article/626680), [Startups go public in litmus test for Chinese AI](https://www.thestar.com.my/aseanplus/aseanplus-news/2026/01/08/startups-go-public-in-litmus-test-for-chinese-ai)) - 2026.01.09 MiniMax’s shares double on their first day of trading in Hong Kong. (Sources: [MiniMax, China’s second AI tiger to go public, doubles in value in Hong Kong debut](https://uk.marketscreener.com/news/minimax-china-s-second-ai-tiger-to-go-public-doubles-in-value-in-hong-kong-debut-ce7e59d2d988ff27)) Sources: [Moore Threads soars 468% in debut as China accelerates its GPU push](https://en.jiemian.com/article/13724679.html), [Chinese AI Chipmaker MetaX Skyrockets in Shanghai Stock Market Debut](https://www2.yicaiglobal.com/news/chinese-gpu-maker-metax-surges-nearly-700-on-trading-debut-in-shanghai), [MiniMax jumps 91% in Hong Kong debut after $619m IPO](https://www.chinadailyhk.com/article/626743) ## 2025 · The Year of Agents and Compute It opened with the DeepSeek shock, and coding agents changed how software gets built. Data center deals grew to the gigawatt scale, and Korea was promised 260,000 GPUs. Chinese open models contended for the lead, and chips became leverage between the U.S., China and the Gulf. Courts ruled for the first time on whether AI training is fair use, and U.S. states and Washington clashed over who writes the rules. ### 2025.12.11 · The States and Washington State Law. After Congress declined to block state AI laws, California passed a frontier AI safety law. At the end of the year, the president moved against state laws by executive order. - 2025.07.01 The U.S. Senate votes 99 to 1 to strip a 10-year ban on state AI regulation from the budget bill. (Sources: [Senate Strikes AI Moratorium from Budget Reconciliation Bill in Overwhelming 99-1 Vote](https://www.commerce.senate.gov/2025/7/senate-strikes-ai-moratorium-from-budget-reconciliation-bill-in-overwhelming-99-1-vote/)) - 2025.07.23 The White House releases America’s AI Action Plan, and the president signs three executive orders, including ones to speed data center permits and promote exports of American AI technology. (Sources: [The Trump Administration’s 2025 AI Action Plan – Winning the Race: America’s AI Action Plan – and Related Executive Orders](https://datamatters.sidley.com/2025/07/30/the-trump-administrations-2025-ai-action-plan-winning-the-race-americas-ai-action-plan-and-related-executive-orders/)) - 2025.09.29 A year after vetoing SB 1047, Governor Newsom signs SB 53, requiring frontier AI developers to publish safety frameworks and report critical safety incidents. (Sources: [Governor Newsom signs SB 53, advancing California’s world-leading artificial intelligence industry](https://www.gov.ca.gov/2025/09/29/governor-newsom-signs-sb-53-advancing-californias-world-leading-artificial-intelligence-industry/)) - 2025.12.11 President Trump signs an executive order that sets up a task force to challenge state AI laws in court and allows some federal broadband funds to be withheld from states with such laws. (Sources: [Fact Sheet: President Donald J. Trump Ensures a National Policy Framework for Artificial Intelligence](https://www.whitehouse.gov/fact-sheets/2025/12/fact-sheet-president-donald-j-trump-ensures-a-national-policy-framework-for-artificial-intelligence/)) Sources: [Fact Sheet: President Donald J. Trump Ensures a National Policy Framework for Artificial Intelligence](https://www.whitehouse.gov/fact-sheets/2025/12/fact-sheet-president-donald-j-trump-ensures-a-national-policy-framework-for-artificial-intelligence/), [Governor Newsom signs SB 53, advancing California’s world-leading artificial intelligence industry](https://www.gov.ca.gov/2025/09/29/governor-newsom-signs-sb-53-advancing-californias-world-leading-artificial-intelligence-industry/) ### 2025.11.25 · Deals Instead of Lawsuits Music. A song made by AI reached No. 1 on a chart. Record labels that had sued AI music services dropped their suits and signed licensing deals. - 2025.10.29 Universal Music Group settles its lawsuit with Udio and agrees to build a licensed music platform together, while Udio angers users by blocking song downloads. (Sources: [Universal Music settles Udio lawsuit, strikes deal for licensed AI music platform](https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/universal-music-settles-udio-lawsuit-strikes-deal-for-licensed-ai-music-platform)) - 2025.11.08 AI singer Breaking Rust’s “Walk My Walk” reaches No. 1 on Billboard’s Country Digital Song Sales chart, reported as the first AI song to top a Billboard chart. (Sources: [Fake country artist goes to](https://www.theregister.com/2025/11/10/ai_country_artist_hits_number_one/)) - 2025.11.19 Warner Music Group settles with Udio; the same day, Suno raises $250 million at a $2.45 billion valuation. (Sources: [AI Music Generators: Warner Music Group and Udio Settle Copyright Lawsuit as Suno Raises $250M to Fight On](https://winbuzzer.com/2025/11/20/warner-music-group-and-udio-settle-copyright-lawsuit-as-suno-raises-250m-to-fight-on-xcxwbn/)) - 2025.11.25 Warner Music Group also settles with Suno and agrees to build licensed music models together. (Sources: [Warner Music Group strikes ‘landmark’ deal with Suno; settles copyright lawsuit against AI music generator](https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/warner-music-group-settles-with-suno-strikes-first-of-its-kind-deal-with-ai-song-generator/)) Sources: [Universal Music settles Udio lawsuit, strikes deal for licensed AI music platform](https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/universal-music-settles-udio-lawsuit-strikes-deal-for-licensed-ai-music-platform), [Fake country artist goes to](https://www.theregister.com/2025/11/10/ai_country_artist_hits_number_one/), [2025 in artificial intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_in_artificial_intelligence) ### 2025.11.18 · Gemini 3 and “Code Red” Overtaking. When Google’s Gemini 3 took the lead on major benchmarks, OpenAI went on alert internally. - 2025.11.18 Google releases Gemini 3. (Sources: [A new era of intelligence with Gemini 3](https://blog.google/products-and-platforms/products/gemini/gemini-3/)) - 2025.11.24 Anthropic releases Claude Opus 4.5. (Sources: [Introducing Claude Opus 4.5](https://www.anthropic.com/news/claude-opus-4-5)) - 2025.12.01 Altman sends a “code red” memo to staff, and GPT-5.2’s release is moved up to December 11. (Sources: [Sam Altman declares ‘Code Red’ as Google’s Gemini surges, three years after ChatGPT caused Google CEO Sundar Pichai to do the same](https://fortune.com/2025/12/02/sam-altman-declares-code-red-google-gemini-ceo-sundar-pichai/)) - 2025.12.09 Anthropic donates MCP to the Agentic AI Foundation under the Linux Foundation. (Sources: [Donating MCP to the Agentic AI Foundation](https://www.anthropic.com/news/donating-the-model-context-protocol-and-establishing-of-the-agentic-ai-foundation)) Sources: [A new era of intelligence with Gemini 3](https://blog.google/products-and-platforms/products/gemini/gemini-3/), [Sam Altman declares ‘Code Red’ as Google’s Gemini surges, three years after ChatGPT caused Google CEO Sundar Pichai to do the same](https://fortune.com/2025/12/02/sam-altman-declares-code-red-google-gemini-ceo-sundar-pichai/), [Donating MCP to the Agentic AI Foundation](https://www.anthropic.com/news/donating-the-model-context-protocol-and-establishing-of-the-agentic-ai-foundation) ### 2025.11.13 · Hacking Run by AI Cyber. Coding agents were turned to hacking as well. With only a few approvals from people, AI carried out most of the work, from reconnaissance to intrusion. - 2025.08.27 Anthropic reports that a criminal group used Claude Code to break into at least 17 organizations, including healthcare, emergency services and government agencies, and demanded ransoms, some above $500,000. (Sources: [Crims laud Claude, use Anthropic’s AI to plant ransomware](https://www.theregister.com/2025/08/27/anthropic_security_report_flags_rogue/)) - 2025.11.13 Anthropic discloses an espionage campaign by a group it assesses as Chinese state-sponsored, which used Claude Code against about 30 targets, with AI doing 80 to 90% of the work and a few intrusions succeeding. (Sources: [Disrupting an AI-orchestrated cyber espionage campaign](https://www.anthropic.com/news/disrupting-AI-espionage)) - 2025.11.14 China’s foreign ministry dismisses the report as an accusation made without evidence and says China opposes hacking. (Sources: [Anthropic says Chinese hackers used its AI in online attack, a claim refuted by China](https://www.thestar.com.my/tech/tech-news/2025/11/17/anthropic-says-chinese-hackers-used-its-ai-in-online-attack-a-claim-refuted-by-china)) Sources: [Disrupting an AI-orchestrated cyber espionage campaign](https://www.anthropic.com/news/disrupting-AI-espionage), [Crims laud Claude, use Anthropic’s AI to plant ransomware](https://www.theregister.com/2025/08/27/anthropic_security_report_flags_rogue/), [Anthropic says Chinese hackers used its AI in online attack, a claim refuted by China](https://www.thestar.com.my/tech/tech-news/2025/11/17/anthropic-says-chinese-hackers-used-its-ai-in-online-attack-a-claim-refuted-by-china) ### 2025.10.31 · Gyeongju, 260,000 GPUs Korea. In Korea for the APEC summit, NVIDIA CEO Jensen Huang announced that NVIDIA would supply 260,000 of the latest GPUs to the Korean government and companies. - 2025.10.30 At a fried chicken restaurant in Samseong-dong, Seoul, Huang meets Samsung Electronics Executive Chairman Jay Y. Lee and Hyundai Motor Group Executive Chair Euisun Chung over chicken and beer. (Sources: [Jensen Huang a rock star as Nvidia, Samsung, Hyundai chiefs celebrate partnership over chicken and beer](https://www.koreajoongangdaily.com/business/jensen-huang-a-rock-star-as-nvidia-samsung-hyundai-chiefs-celebrate-partnership-over-chicken-and-beer/12108621)) - 2025.10.31 The government, Samsung, SK and Hyundai Motor Group get 50,000 each, and NAVER Cloud gets 60,000. (Sources: [NVIDIA, South Korea Government and Industrial Giants Build AI Infrastructure and Ecosystem to Fuel Korea Innovation, Industries and Jobs](https://nvidianews.nvidia.com/news/south-korea-ai-infrastructure)) - 2025.10.31 The presidential office says Huang told a closed-door meeting that the United States has the most GPUs, followed by China, and that Korea’s roughly 300,000 will rank third. (Sources: [How 260,000 Nvidia chips could redefine Korea’s AI ambitions](https://v.daum.net/v/20251102144141301)) - Correction 2026.11.02: Corrected “Huang says Korea will have the most GPUs of any country after the United States and China.” According to reporting, Huang named the United States and China in a closed-door meeting, and the ranking of Korea third came from the presidential office (The Korea Herald, How 260,000 Nvidia chips could redefine Korea’s AI ambitions). Sources: [NVIDIA, South Korea Government and Industrial Giants Build AI Infrastructure and Ecosystem to Fuel Korea Innovation, Industries and Jobs](https://nvidianews.nvidia.com/news/south-korea-ai-infrastructure), ### 2025.10.28 · A Nonprofit in Charge of a For-Profit Governance. OpenAI, which began as a nonprofit lab, finished turning its for-profit arm into a public benefit corporation. Its nonprofit foundation kept control, and its deal with Microsoft was rewritten. - 2025.05.05 OpenAI says its for-profit arm will become a public benefit corporation but stay under the nonprofit’s control, dropping a plan to loosen that control. (Sources: [OpenAI caves to pressure, keeps nonprofit in charge](https://www.theregister.com/2025/05/05/openai_keep_nonprofit_in_charge/)) - 2025.10.28 OpenAI completes its recapitalization: the for-profit becomes OpenAI Group PBC, the nonprofit OpenAI Foundation holds about 26%, worth about $130 billion, and the attorneys general of California and Delaware agree not to oppose it. (Sources: [OpenAI simplifies corporate structure for easier investment](https://www.theregister.com/2025/10/28/openai_simplifies_corporate_structure_into/)) - 2025.10.28 Microsoft signs a new agreement giving it about 27%, worth about $135 billion, under which any OpenAI declaration of AGI will be verified by an independent expert panel and OpenAI commits to $250 billion more in Azure services. (Sources: [OpenAI completes for-profit restructuring and grants Microsoft a 27% stake](https://fortune.com/2025/10/28/openai-for-profit-restructuring-microsoft-stake/)) Sources: [OpenAI caves to pressure, keeps nonprofit in charge](https://www.theregister.com/2025/05/05/openai_keep_nonprofit_in_charge/), [OpenAI simplifies corporate structure for easier investment](https://www.theregister.com/2025/10/28/openai_simplifies_corporate_structure_into/), [OpenAI completes for-profit restructuring and grants Microsoft a 27% stake](https://fortune.com/2025/10/28/openai-for-profit-restructuring-microsoft-stake/) ### 2025.09.22 · Deals by the Gigawatt Compute. The race for models spread into a race for power and chips. Data center deals were signed by the gigawatt. - 2025.09.05 Anthropic agrees to a $1.5 billion settlement in an authors’ class action, the largest ever in an AI copyright dispute. (Sources: [AI company Anthropic agrees to pay $1.5B to settle lawsuit with authors](https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/anthropic-settlement-lawsuit-authors-rcna229422)) - 2025.09.22 NVIDIA announces its intent to invest up to $100 billion in OpenAI (10 GW), and around the same time, OpenAI also signs large deals with Oracle, AMD and Broadcom. (Sources: [OpenAI and NVIDIA Announce Strategic Partnership to Deploy 10 Gigawatts of NVIDIA Systems](https://nvidianews.nvidia.com/news/openai-and-nvidia-announce-strategic-partnership-to-deploy-10gw-of-nvidia-systems)) - 2025.09.30 OpenAI launches Sora 2 and Sora, a social video app. (Sources: [Sora 2 is here](https://openai.com/index/sora-2/)) - 2025.10.29 NVIDIA becomes the first company in the world worth $5 trillion. (Sources: [Nvidia Becomes the First Company to Reach a $5 Trillion Market Value, Leaving Apple and Microsoft in the Dust](https://www.entrepreneur.com/business-news/nvidia-becomes-the-first-to-pass-5-trillion-in-market-value/498929)) Sources: [OpenAI and NVIDIA Announce Strategic Partnership to Deploy 10 Gigawatts of NVIDIA Systems](https://nvidianews.nvidia.com/news/openai-and-nvidia-announce-strategic-partnership-to-deploy-10gw-of-nvidia-systems), [AI company Anthropic agrees to pay $1.5B to settle lawsuit with authors](https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/anthropic-settlement-lawsuit-authors-rcna229422), [Sora 2 is here](https://openai.com/index/sora-2/) ### 2025.09.17 · Tug of War Over Chips Chip Controls. The U.S. blocked NVIDIA’s China-market chip, then reopened sales in exchange for a cut of the revenue. This time China told its companies not to buy NVIDIA chips and turned to its own. - 2025.04.15 NVIDIA discloses that exports of its China-market H20 now need a license for the indefinite future and warns of up to $5.5 billion in charges. (Sources: [NVIDIA Corporation Form 8-K (April 2025)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1045810/000104581025000082/nvda-20250409.htm)) - 2025.08.10 NVIDIA and AMD agree to pay the U.S. government 15% of their revenue from H20 and MI308 sales in China as export licenses begin to be issued, a U.S. official says. (Sources: [Nvidia, AMD to pay 15% of China chip sale revenues to US, official says](https://www.ksl.com/article/51358812)) - 2025.09.17 China’s Cyberspace Administration tells ByteDance, Alibaba and others to stop testing and ordering NVIDIA’s China-market RTX Pro 6000D, the Financial Times reports. (Sources: [China tells tech firms to stop buying Nvidia’s AI chips, FT reports](https://www.thestandard.com.hk/innovation/article/311827/China-tells-tech-firms-to-stop-buying-Nvidias-AI-chips-FT-reports)) - 2025.09.18 Huawei lays out its Ascend roadmap, with a new chip each year starting with the Ascend 950 in 2026, its own HBM and SuperPoDs linking 8,192 chips. (Sources: [Huawei outlines roadmap for Ascend AI chips](https://www.rcrwireless.com/20250922/ai-infrastructure/huawei-ai-chips)) Sources: [NVIDIA Corporation Form 8-K (April 2025)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1045810/000104581025000082/nvda-20250409.htm), [Nvidia, AMD to pay 15% of China chip sale revenues to US, official says](https://www.ksl.com/article/51358812), [China tells tech firms to stop buying Nvidia’s AI chips, FT reports](https://www.thestandard.com.hk/innovation/article/311827/China-tells-tech-firms-to-stop-buying-Nvidias-AI-chips-FT-reports) ### 2025.08.26 · The Children Who Confided in AI Comfort. The death of a teenager who had been pouring his heart out to a chatbot went to court. Companies rushed out protections for minors. - 2025.08.26 The parents of 16-year-old Adam Raine sue OpenAI and Sam Altman, citing their son’s conversations with ChatGPT. (Sources: [Parents of 16-year-old sue OpenAI, claiming ChatGPT advised on teen’s suicide](https://6abc.com/post/parents-16-year-old-sue-openai-claiming-chatgpt-advised-teens-suicide/17664365/)) - 2025.09.11 The U.S. Federal Trade Commission orders seven companies, including OpenAI, Meta and Character.AI, to report on their safety measures for chatbots used by teenagers. (Sources: [FTC Launches Inquiry into AI Chatbots Acting as Companions](https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/news/press-releases/2025/09/ftc-launches-inquiry-ai-chatbots-acting-companions)) - 2025.09.29 OpenAI launches parental controls that let parents link and manage their children’s accounts. (Sources: [Introducing parental controls](https://openai.com/index/introducing-parental-controls/)) - 2025.10.29 Character.AI announces that from November 25 it will block open-ended chat for users under 18. (Sources: [Character.AI is ending its chatbot experience for kids](https://techcrunch.com/2025/10/29/character-ai-is-killing-the-chatbot-experience-for-minors/)) Sources: [2025 in artificial intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_in_artificial_intelligence), [Character.AI is ending its chatbot experience for kids](https://techcrunch.com/2025/10/29/character-ai-is-killing-the-chatbot-experience-for-minors/) ### 2025.08.07 · The Talent War and GPT-5 Summer. Meta spent heavily to lure researchers, and AI posted gold-medal scores at the math olympiad. In August, OpenAI released GPT-5 and gpt-oss, its first open-weight model in six years. - 2025.06.30 Meta puts $14.3 billion into Scale AI, hires Alexandr Wang and launches a superintelligence lab. (Sources: [Meta ramps up AI efforts by paying $14.3 billion for 49% of Scale and hiring its CEO for ‘superintelligence’ team](https://fortune.com/2025/06/13/meta-scale-ai-alexandr-wang-superintelligence-team/), [Mark Zuckerberg overhauled Meta’s entire AI org in a risky, multibillion-dollar bet on ‘superintelligence’](https://fortune.com/2025/06/30/mark-zuckerberg-overhauled-meta-ai-org-superintelligence-alexandr-wang/)) - 2025.07.19 An experimental OpenAI model and Google’s Gemini Deep Think reach gold-medal level at the International Mathematical Olympiad. (Sources: [Advanced version of Gemini with Deep Think officially achieves gold-medal standard at the International Mathematical Olympiad](https://deepmind.google/blog/advanced-version-of-gemini-with-deep-think-officially-achieves-gold-medal-standard-at-the-international-mathematical-olympiad/)) - 2025.08.07 GPT-5 launches, and OpenAI, which had removed its earlier models, brings GPT-4o back after users push back. (Sources: [Introducing GPT-5](https://openai.com/index/introducing-gpt-5/), [‘We hear you’: Sam Altman restores GPT-4o for plus subscribers after GPT-5 backlash](https://www.storyboard18.com/brand-makers/-78622.htm)) - 2025.08.26 Google releases Nano Banana (Gemini 2.5 Flash Image), setting off a photo-editing craze. (Sources: [Introducing Gemini 2.5 Flash Image, our state-of-the-art image model](https://developers.googleblog.com/en/introducing-gemini-2-5-flash-image/)) Sources: [Introducing GPT-5](https://openai.com/index/introducing-gpt-5/), [Introducing gpt-oss](https://openai.com/index/introducing-gpt-oss/), [Advanced version of Gemini with Deep Think officially achieves gold-medal standard at the International Mathematical Olympiad](https://deepmind.google/blog/advanced-version-of-gemini-with-deep-think-officially-achieves-gold-medal-standard-at-the-international-mathematical-olympiad/) ### 2025.07.11 · China Opens Its Weights Open Models. After the DeepSeek shock, Alibaba and Moonshot AI released one open-weight model after another, and Chinese models began to contend for the top spot among open models. - 2025.04.29 Alibaba releases Qwen3, ranging from six dense models under Apache 2.0 to a 235-billion-parameter mixture-of-experts model, covering 119 languages and dialects. (Sources: [Qwen3: Think Deeper, Act Faster](https://qwenlm.github.io/blog/qwen3/)) - 2025.07.11 Moonshot AI releases the weights of Kimi K2, a one-trillion-parameter model built for agentic tool use. (Sources: [moonshotai/Kimi-K2-Instruct](https://simonwillison.net/2025/Jul/11/kimi-k2/)) - 2025.11.06 Moonshot AI releases Kimi K2 Thinking, which it says beats GPT-5 and Claude Sonnet 4.5 on Humanity’s Last Exam with tools and can chain 200 to 300 tool calls. (Sources: [Moonshot launches open-source ‘Kimi K2 Thinking’ AI with a trillion parameters and reasoning capabilities](https://siliconangle.com/2025/11/07/moonshot-launches-open-source-kimi-k2-thinking-ai-trillion-parameters-reasoning-capabilities/)) Sources: [Qwen3: Think Deeper, Act Faster](https://qwenlm.github.io/blog/qwen3/), [moonshotai/Kimi-K2-Instruct](https://huggingface.co/moonshotai/Kimi-K2-Instruct), [moonshotai/Kimi-K2-Thinking](https://huggingface.co/moonshotai/Kimi-K2-Thinking) ### 2025.06.23 · Is Training Fair Use? Copyright. U.S. courts issued their first rulings on whether training AI on copyrighted works is fair use. The judges weighed the question differently. - 2025.02.11 A federal judge rules that ROSS Intelligence’s copying of 2,243 Westlaw headnotes to build an AI legal search tool was not fair use, in a case that did not involve generative AI. (Sources: [Revised Fair Use Ruling Finds No Transformative Use in Developing AI Search Tool](https://ipwatchdog.com/2025/02/12/revised-fair-use-ruling-finds-no-transformative-use-developing-ai-search-tool/)) - 2025.06.23 Judge William Alsup rules that Anthropic’s training of Claude on books was fair use, but that keeping pirated copies in a central library was not. (Sources: [Two Northern District of California Judges Find Some Copying to Train Generative AI Is Fair Use](https://www.mintz.com/insights-center/viewpoints/2231/2025-07-16-two-northern-district-california-judges-find-some)) - 2025.06.25 Judge Vince Chhabria rules for Meta, but only because the authors failed to show market harm, noting that an argument that AI floods the market with competing works could win. (Sources: [Meta Wins AI Copyright Case, But Judge Writes Roadmap for Authors’ Revenge](https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/digital/copyright/article/98093-meta-wins-ai-copyright-case-but-judge-writes-roadmap-for-authors-revenge.html), [Two Northern District of California Judges Find Some Copying to Train Generative AI Is Fair Use](https://www.mintz.com/insights-center/viewpoints/2231/2025-07-16-two-northern-district-california-judges-find-some)) - 2026.09.29 The Third Circuit upholds the ROSS ruling, the first federal appeals decision on fair use in AI training. (Sources: [Third Circuit Rejects Fair Use for ROSS’s Copying of Westlaw Headnotes](https://www.haynesboone.com/news/alerts/third-circuit-rejects-fair-use-for-rosss-copying-of-westlaw-headnotes), [Third Circuit Affirms Revised Fair Use Ruling Against ROSS’ AI Legal Research Platform in Sealed Opinion](https://ipwatchdog.com/2026/09/30/third-circuit-affirms-revised-fair-use-ruling-against-ross-ai-legal-research-platform-in-sealed-opinion/)) Sources: [Two Northern District of California Judges Find Some Copying to Train Generative AI Is Fair Use](https://www.mintz.com/insights-center/viewpoints/2231/2025-07-16-two-northern-district-california-judges-find-some), [Meta Wins AI Copyright Case, But Judge Writes Roadmap for Authors’ Revenge](https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/digital/copyright/article/98093-meta-wins-ai-copyright-case-but-judge-writes-roadmap-for-authors-revenge.html) ### 2025.05.22 · The Age of Coding Agents Agents. Within a week, three companies released coding agents and new models. AI began to do hours-long development work on its own. - 2025.05.16 OpenAI releases Codex, a coding agent that works in the cloud. (Sources: [Introducing Codex](https://openai.com/index/introducing-codex/)) - 2025.05.20 At Google I/O, Google unveils Veo 3, a video model that makes sound as well, and Jules, a coding agent. (Sources: [Google I/O 2025: From research to reality](https://blog.google/innovation-and-ai/technology/ai/io-2025-keynote/)) - 2025.05.21 OpenAI acquires io, Jony Ive’s hardware startup, for about $6.5 billion. (Sources: [OpenAI to Buy AI Device Startup From Apple Veteran Jony Ive in $6.5 Billion Deal](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-05-21/openai-to-buy-apple-veteran-jony-ive-s-ai-device-startup-in-6-5-billion-deal)) - 2025.05.22 Anthropic releases Claude Opus 4 and Claude Sonnet 4, and Claude Code becomes generally available. (Sources: [Introducing Claude 4](https://www.anthropic.com/news/claude-4)) Sources: [Introducing Codex](https://openai.com/index/introducing-codex/), [Google I/O 2025: From research to reality](https://blog.google/innovation-and-ai/technology/ai/io-2025-keynote/), [Introducing Claude 4](https://www.anthropic.com/news/claude-4) ### 2025.05.13 · Chips Head to the Gulf The Gulf. Once Washington dropped a rule that would have rationed AI chips by country, large chip deals for Saudi Arabia and the UAE followed during the president’s tour of the Middle East. - 2025.05.13 The Commerce Department rescinds the Biden administration’s AI Diffusion Rule, which would have sorted countries into tiers for AI chip exports, just before it was to take effect, and warns that using Huawei Ascend chips may violate U.S. export controls. (Sources: [Department of Commerce Announces Rescission of Biden-Era Artificial Intelligence Diffusion Rule, Strengthens Chip-Related Export Controls](https://www.bis.gov/press-release/department-commerce-rescinds-biden-era-artificial-intelligence-diffusion-rule-strengthens-chip-related)) - 2025.05.13 During President Trump’s visit to Riyadh, NVIDIA agrees to supply HUMAIN, owned by Saudi Arabia’s Public Investment Fund, starting with an 18,000-chip GB300 supercomputer and adding several hundred thousand GPUs over five years. (Sources: [Nvidia, AWS and AMD announce Humain AI partnerships on Trump’s Saudi visit](https://www.thenationalnews.com/future/technology/2025/05/14/humain-ai-nvidia-amd-aws)) - 2025.05.22 G42, OpenAI, Oracle, NVIDIA, SoftBank and Cisco announce Stargate UAE in Abu Dhabi, a 1 GW cluster within a planned 5 GW AI campus, with the first 200 MW due in 2026. (Sources: [Global Tech Alliance Launches Stargate UAE](https://group.softbank/en/news/press/20250522)) Sources: [Department of Commerce Announces Rescission of Biden-Era Artificial Intelligence Diffusion Rule, Strengthens Chip-Related Export Controls](https://www.bis.gov/press-release/department-commerce-rescinds-biden-era-artificial-intelligence-diffusion-rule-strengthens-chip-related), [Saudi Arabia and NVIDIA to Build AI Factories to Power Next Wave of Intelligence for the Age of Reasoning](https://nvidianews.nvidia.com/news/saudi-arabia-and-nvidia-to-build-ai-factories-to-power-next-wave-of-intelligence-for-the-age-of-reasoning), [Global Tech Alliance Launches Stargate UAE](https://group.softbank/en/news/press/20250522) ### 2025.03.25 · The Ghibli Craze Mainstream. Once ChatGPT gained new image generation, turning photos into Ghibli-style pictures became a pastime that spread around the world. - 2025.03.06 Manus, a general-purpose AI agent, is unveiled, and people scramble for invitation codes. (Sources: [Manus AI launched in China, challenging GPT and DeepSeek](https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202503/06/WS67c9ba2fa310c240449d9276.html), [People are listing invite codes to Chinese AI agent Manus for $1,000 and more on resale sites](https://www.aol.com/news/people-listing-invite-codes-chinese-185650711.html)) - 2025.03.25 Image generation in GPT-4o is released, and Altman says demand is so heavy that the GPUs are melting. (Sources: [Introducing 4o Image Generation](https://openai.com/index/introducing-4o-image-generation/), [Sam Altman says ChatGPT’s viral image-generation AI is ‘melting’ OpenAI’s GPUs](https://fortune.com/2025/03/28/sam-altman-chatgpt-gpus-melting-ai-images/)) - 2025.03.25 The same day, Google releases Gemini 2.5 Pro. (Sources: [Gemini 2.5: Our most intelligent AI model](https://blog.google/innovation-and-ai/models-and-research/google-deepmind/gemini-model-thinking-updates-march-2025/)) - 2025.03.31 OpenAI raises $40 billion at a $300 billion valuation, and ChatGPT reaches 500 million weekly users. (Sources: [New funding to build towards AGI](https://openai.com/index/march-funding-updates/), [OpenAI secures $40 billion in record-breaking funding round, valuation hits $300 billion](https://nairametrics.com/2025/04/01/openai-secures-40-billion-in-record-breaking-funding-round-valuation-hits-300-billion/)) Sources: [Introducing 4o Image Generation](https://openai.com/index/introducing-4o-image-generation/), [Gemini 2.5: Our most intelligent AI model](https://blog.google/innovation-and-ai/models-and-research/google-deepmind/gemini-model-thinking-updates-march-2025/), [New funding to build towards AGI](https://openai.com/index/march-funding-updates/) ### 2025.02.24 · Vibe Coding Coding. A way of building software by telling AI what to do, without reading the code, got a name. A coding agent that works in the terminal arrived. - 2025.02.02 Andrej Karpathy coins the term “vibe coding.” (Sources: [There’s a new kind of coding I call “vibe coding”](https://x.com/karpathy/status/1886192184808149383)) - 2025.02.02 OpenAI releases deep research, which searches the web and writes reports. (Sources: [Introducing deep research](https://openai.com/index/introducing-deep-research/)) - 2025.02.11 At the AI Action Summit in Paris, the United States and the United Kingdom do not sign the joint declaration. (Sources: [As US and UK refuse to sign the Paris AI Action Summit statement, other countries commit to developing ‘open, inclusive, ethical’ AI](https://techcrunch.com/2025/02/11/as-us-and-uk-refuse-to-sign-ai-action-summit-statement-countries-fail-to-agree-on-the-basics/)) - 2025.02.24 Anthropic releases Claude 3.7 Sonnet and the coding agent Claude Code as a research preview. (Sources: [Claude 3.7 Sonnet and Claude Code](https://www.anthropic.com/news/claude-3-7-sonnet)) Sources: [There’s a new kind of coding I call “vibe coding”](https://x.com/karpathy/status/1886192184808149383), [Introducing deep research](https://openai.com/index/introducing-deep-research/), [Claude 3.7 Sonnet and Claude Code](https://www.anthropic.com/news/claude-3-7-sonnet) ### 2025.02.06 · Whether to Show the Thinking Reasoning Models. Step-by-step reasoning began as a prompting technique from Google researchers in 2022. OpenAI trained it into o1 with reinforcement learning and hid the raw reasoning. As Google, DeepSeek and Anthropic released models that show their thinking, OpenAI opened up part of it. - 2024.09.16 OpenAI is reported to be emailing users who probe o1’s hidden reasoning, warning that further violations may cost them access. (Sources: [Ban warnings fly as users dare to probe the “thoughts” of OpenAI’s latest model](https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2024/09/openai-threatens-bans-for-probing-new-ai-models-reasoning-process/)) - 2024.12.19 Google releases Gemini 2.0 Flash Thinking, an experimental model that shows its thoughts, in public preview. (Sources: [Gemini API changelog](https://aistudio.google.com/docs/changelog), [Google releases Gemini 2.0 Flash Thinking, an AI model that introduces a thought process to enhance inference, and exceeds OpenAI’s o1-preview and GPT-4o in various tests](https://gigazine.net/gsc_news/en/20241220-google-gemini-flash-thinking)) - 2025.02.06 After DeepSeek’s R1 shows its full reasoning, OpenAI makes o3-mini display more of its thought process, in a post-processed form rather than the raw chain of thought. (Sources: [OpenAI now reveals more of its o3-mini model’s thought process](https://techcrunch.com/2025/02/06/openai-now-reveals-more-of-its-o3-mini-models-thought-process)) - 2025.02.24 Anthropic lets Claude 3.7 Sonnet users pick near-instant answers or extended thinking that they can read, and API users can set how long the model thinks. (Sources: [Claude 3.7 Sonnet and Claude Code](https://www.anthropic.com/news/claude-3-7-sonnet)) Sources: [Learning to reason with LLMs](https://openai.com/index/learning-to-reason-with-llms/), [Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Models](https://arxiv.org/abs/2201.11903) ### 2025.01.27 · The DeepSeek Shock Shock. A small Chinese lab released an o1-class reasoning model, weights and all. U.S. stock markets were shaken. - 2025.01.20 DeepSeek releases its reasoning model R1 under the MIT license. (Sources: [DeepSeek-R1 Release](https://api-docs.deepseek.com/news/news250120/)) - 2025.01.21 President Trump announces Stargate, a $500 billion data center venture of OpenAI, SoftBank and Oracle. (Sources: [Announcing The Stargate Project](https://openai.com/index/announcing-the-stargate-project/)) - 2025.01.23 OpenAI releases Operator, an agent that works a web browser on the user’s behalf. (Sources: [Introducing Operator](https://openai.com/index/introducing-operator/)) - 2025.01.27 The DeepSeek app tops the U.S. App Store, and NVIDIA shares fall 17% in a day, erasing about $589 billion in market value. (Sources: [Nvidia sheds almost $600 billion in market cap, biggest one-day loss in U.S. history](https://www.cnbc.com/2025/01/27/nvidia-sheds-almost-600-billion-in-market-cap-biggest-drop-ever.html), [DeepSeek AI assistant surpasses ChatGPT on US App Store](https://technode.com/2025/01/27/deepseek-ai-assistant-surpasses-chatgpt-on-us-app-store/)) Sources: [DeepSeek-R1 Release](https://api-docs.deepseek.com/news/news250120/), [Announcing The Stargate Project](https://openai.com/index/announcing-the-stargate-project/), [Nvidia sheds almost $600 billion in market cap, biggest one-day loss in U.S. history](https://www.cnbc.com/2025/01/27/nvidia-sheds-almost-600-billion-in-market-cap-biggest-drop-ever.html) ## 2024 · The Year of Senses and Reasoning AI began to make video, hold spoken conversations and think before answering. Two Nobel Prizes went to AI research, and at the end of the year AI took direct control of the computer screen. A year of elections began with a fake voice, a price war broke out among China’s models, and Big Tech turned to nuclear plants to power its data centers. ### 2024.11.25 · AI That Sees the Screen, and o3 The Agent’s Hands. AI began to look at the screen, move the mouse and connect to outside tools through a standard protocol. At the end of the year, reasoning models took another leap. - 2024.10.22 Anthropic launches a beta of computer use, a feature that looks at the screen and works the mouse and keyboard. (Sources: [Computer use, Claude 3.5 Sonnet, and Claude 3.5 Haiku](https://www.anthropic.com/news/3-5-models-and-computer-use)) - 2024.11.25 Anthropic releases MCP, an open standard that connects AI to data and tools. (Sources: [Introducing the Model Context Protocol](https://www.anthropic.com/news/model-context-protocol)) - 2024.12.20 OpenAI announces o3, which scores up to 87.5% on ARC-AGI, a test of abstract reasoning. (Sources: [OpenAI o3 Breakthrough High Score on ARC-AGI-Pub](https://arcprize.org/blog/oai-o3-pub-breakthrough)) - 2024.12.26 DeepSeek releases V3, claiming a training cost of about $5.6 million; the same day, Korea’s National Assembly passes the AI Basic Act. (Sources: [Introducing DeepSeek-V3](https://api-docs.deepseek.com/news/news1226), [DeepSeek-V3 Technical Report](https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.19437), [South Korea National Assembly Passes New AI Bill](https://www.foley.com/insights/publications/2025/01/south-korea-national-assembly-passes-new-ai-bill/)) Sources: [Computer use, Claude 3.5 Sonnet, and Claude 3.5 Haiku](https://www.anthropic.com/news/3-5-models-and-computer-use), [Introducing the Model Context Protocol](https://www.anthropic.com/news/model-context-protocol), [OpenAI o3 Breakthrough High Score on ARC-AGI-Pub](https://arcprize.org/blog/oai-o3-pub-breakthrough) ### 2024.09.29 · The SB 1047 Veto State Law. A California bill that would have required developers of large AI models to put safeguards against catastrophic harm in place split the industry. The governor vetoed it, and the fight over regulating frontier AI at the state level went on. - 2024.08.21 OpenAI writes to oppose SB 1047, saying it would slow innovation, while Anthropic writes that the amended bill’s benefits likely outweigh its costs. (Sources: [OpenAI Says California’s Controversial AI Bill Will Hurt Innovation](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-08-21/openai-says-california-s-controversial-ai-bill-will-hurt-innovation), [Anthropic says California AI bill’s benefits likely outweigh costs](https://www.investing.com/news/stock-market-news/anthropic-says-california-ai-bills-benefits-likely-outweigh-costs-3584552)) - 2024.08.28 The California Assembly passes the bill, and the Senate gives final approval the next day, sending it to Governor Gavin Newsom. (Sources: [AI Public Safety Risk Legislation Sent to California Governor](https://news.bloomberglaw.com/artificial-intelligence/ai-public-safety-risk-legislation-sent-to-california-governor)) - 2024.09.29 Governor Newsom vetoes the bill, saying that targeting only the largest, most expensive models could give a false sense of security and ignores whether a system is deployed in high-risk settings. (Sources: [SB 1047 Veto Message](https://www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/SB-1047-Veto-Message.pdf), [Gov. Newsom vetoes California’s controversial AI bill, SB 1047](https://techcrunch.com/2024/09/29/gov-newsom-vetoes-californias-controversial-ai-bill-sb-1047/)) Sources: [SB 1047 Veto Message](https://www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/SB-1047-Veto-Message.pdf), [Gov. Newsom vetoes California’s controversial AI bill, SB 1047](https://techcrunch.com/2024/09/29/gov-newsom-vetoes-californias-controversial-ai-bill-sb-1047/) ### 2024.09.20 · Data Centers Go Nuclear Power. As AI data centers drew more power, Big Tech began signing deals directly for nuclear energy. One deal was set to restart a reactor at Three Mile Island, the site of the 1979 accident. - 2024.09.20 Constellation signs a 20-year power purchase agreement with Microsoft to restart Three Mile Island Unit 1, shut in 2019, and bring about 835 MW back online by 2028. (Sources: [Constellation to Launch Crane Clean Energy Center, Restoring Jobs and Carbon-Free Power to the Grid](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1868275/000186827524000058/ceg-202409208kexh991.htm)) - 2024.10.14 Google signs a deal with Kairos Power to buy 500 MW from a fleet of small modular reactors by 2035, with the first planned for 2030. (Sources: [Google and Kairos Power Partner to Deploy 500 MW of Clean Electricity Generation](https://kairospower.com/updates/google-and-kairos-power-partner-to-deploy-500-mw-of-clean-electricity-generation)) - 2024.10.16 Amazon invests in small modular reactor developer X-energy and sets a goal of bringing more than 5 GW of nuclear power online by 2039. (Sources: [Amazon announces small modular reactor deals with Dominion, X-energy, Energy Northwest](https://www.utilitydive.com/news/amazon-small-modular-reactor-deals-nuclear-dominion-x-energy-energy-northwest/730022/)) Sources: [Constellation to Launch Crane Clean Energy Center, Restoring Jobs and Carbon-Free Power to the Grid](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1868275/000186827524000058/ceg-202409208kexh991.htm), [Google and Kairos Power Partner to Deploy 500 MW of Clean Electricity Generation](https://kairospower.com/updates/google-and-kairos-power-partner-to-deploy-500-mw-of-clean-electricity-generation), [Amazon announces small modular reactor deals with Dominion, X-energy, Energy Northwest](https://www.utilitydive.com/news/amazon-small-modular-reactor-deals-nuclear-dominion-x-energy-energy-northwest/730022/) ### 2024.09.12 · Models That Think, and Two Nobel Prizes Reasoning. A reasoning model trained to think at length before answering arrived. A month later, two Nobel Prizes went to AI research. - 2024.09.12 OpenAI releases a preview of its reasoning model o1, which pulls far ahead on math and coding problems. (Sources: [Introducing OpenAI o1-preview](https://openai.com/index/introducing-openai-o1-preview/)) - 2024.10.02 OpenAI raises $6.6 billion at a valuation of $157 billion. (Sources: [OpenAI has raised $6.6 billion in a mega-funding deal that values the ChatGPT maker at $157 billion](https://fortune.com/2024/10/02/openai-officially-raises-6-6-billion-funding-deal-157-billion-valuation-sam-altman-thrive-capital/)) - 2024.10.08 The Nobel Prize in Physics goes to John Hopfield and Geoffrey Hinton, who laid the foundations of artificial neural networks. (Sources: [Press release: The Nobel Prize in Physics 2024](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2024/press-release/)) - 2024.10.09 The Nobel Prize in Chemistry goes to Demis Hassabis and John Jumper for AlphaFold and to David Baker for protein design. (Sources: [Press release: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2024](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2024/press-release/)) Sources: [Introducing OpenAI o1-preview](https://openai.com/index/introducing-openai-o1-preview/), [Press release: The Nobel Prize in Physics 2024](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2024/press-release/), [Press release: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2024](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2024/press-release/) ### 2024.06.18 · NVIDIA, Number One in the World Where the Money Went. As demand for AI chips piled up, NVIDIA became the world’s most valuable company for the first time. Apple said it would bring generative AI to the iPhone. - 2024.06.10 Apple announces Apple Intelligence, and Siri passes hard questions to ChatGPT. (Sources: [Introducing Apple Intelligence for iPhone, iPad, and Mac](https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2024/06/introducing-apple-intelligence-for-iphone-ipad-and-mac/)) - 2024.06.18 NVIDIA’s market value reaches about $3.3 trillion, passing Microsoft to rank first for the first time. (Sources: [Nvidia topples Microsoft as world’s most valuable company](https://www.foxbusiness.com/markets/nvidia-topples-microsoft-worlds-most-valuable-company)) - 2024.06.19 Sutskever founds SSI, which says it will build only safe superintelligence. (Sources: [OpenAI co-founder Ilya Sutskever launches startup to develop ‘safe superintelligence’](https://siliconangle.com/2024/06/19/openai-co-founder-ilya-sutskever-launches-startup-develop-safe-superintelligence/)) - 2024.06.20 Anthropic releases Claude 3.5 Sonnet, along with Artifacts, which shows results in a window beside the chat. (Sources: [Introducing Claude 3.5 Sonnet](https://www.anthropic.com/news/claude-3-5-sonnet)) Sources: [Nvidia topples Microsoft as world’s most valuable company](https://www.foxbusiness.com/markets/nvidia-topples-microsoft-worlds-most-valuable-company), [Introducing Apple Intelligence for iPhone, iPad, and Mac](https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2024/06/introducing-apple-intelligence-for-iphone-ipad-and-mac/), [Introducing Claude 3.5 Sonnet](https://www.anthropic.com/news/claude-3-5-sonnet) ### 2024.05.21 · The Price War China. When DeepSeek and ByteDance offered models at rock-bottom prices, Alibaba and Baidu cut theirs within days. Eight months later, the same DeepSeek’s R1 shook U.S. markets. - 2024.05.06 DeepSeek releases DeepSeek-V2 with open weights and prices its API at 1 yuan per million input tokens and 2 yuan per million output tokens. (Sources: [DeepSeek-V2](https://github.com/deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-V2), [AI“快进”到价格战阶段？从Deepseek-V2定价看大模型降本新风向](https://wallstreetcn.com/articles/3714609)) - 2024.05.15 ByteDance launches its Doubao models for businesses at 0.0008 yuan per thousand tokens, which it says is 99.3% below the industry average. (Sources: [ByteDance’s Volcano Engine Starts Price War in China’s Enterprise LLMs Sector](https://yicaiglobal.com/news/bytedances-volcano-engine-starts-price-war-in-chinas-enterprise-llms-sector)) - 2024.05.21 Alibaba Cloud cuts prices on its models by up to 97%. (Sources: [Price war in China’s AI field expanded as Alibaba Cloud and Baidu have drastically reduced model prices](https://technode.com/2024/05/22/price-war-in-chinas-ai-field-expanded-as-alibaba-cloud-and-baidu-have-drastically-reduced-model-prices/)) - 2024.05.21 The same day, Baidu makes ERNIE Lite and ERNIE Speed free. (Sources: [Price war in China’s AI field expanded as Alibaba Cloud and Baidu have drastically reduced model prices](https://technode.com/2024/05/22/price-war-in-chinas-ai-field-expanded-as-alibaba-cloud-and-baidu-have-drastically-reduced-model-prices/)) Sources: [ByteDance surprises AI rivals with ultra-low cost Doubao model](https://technode.com/2024/05/16/bytedance-surprises-ai-rivals-with-ultra-low-cost-doubao-model/), [Price war in China’s AI field expanded as Alibaba Cloud and Baidu have drastically reduced model prices](https://technode.com/2024/05/22/price-war-in-chinas-ai-field-expanded-as-alibaba-cloud-and-baidu-have-drastically-reduced-model-prices/) ### 2024.05.13 · GPT-4o Hears, Speaks and Sees Voice. A voice AI was demonstrated that could be interrupted mid-sentence and could laugh as it talked. Seoul hosted the second AI summit. - 2024.05.13 OpenAI releases GPT-4o for real-time voice conversation, then pulls one voice after Scarlett Johansson objects that it sounds like hers. (Sources: [Hello GPT-4o](https://openai.com/index/hello-gpt-4o/), [How the voices for ChatGPT were chosen](https://openai.com/index/how-the-voices-for-chatgpt-were-chosen/)) - 2024.05.14 At Google I/O, Google puts AI summaries (AI Overviews) at the top of search results. (Sources: [Generative AI in Search: Let Google do the searching for you](https://blog.google/products/search/generative-ai-google-search-may-2024/)) - 2024.05.14 Ilya Sutskever leaves OpenAI, and the Superalignment team in charge of long-term safety is disbanded. (Sources: [OpenAI Dissolves High-Profile Safety Team After Chief Scientist Sutskever’s Exit](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-05-17/openai-dissolves-key-safety-team-after-chief-scientist-ilya-sutskever-s-exit)) - 2024.05.21 At the AI Seoul Summit, 16 companies sign the Frontier AI Safety Commitments. (Sources: [Frontier AI Safety Commitments, AI Seoul Summit 2024](https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/frontier-ai-safety-commitments-ai-seoul-summit-2024)) Sources: [Hello GPT-4o](https://openai.com/index/hello-gpt-4o/), [How the voices for ChatGPT were chosen](https://openai.com/index/how-the-voices-for-chatgpt-were-chosen/), [Frontier AI Safety Commitments, AI Seoul Summit 2024](https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/frontier-ai-safety-commitments-ai-seoul-summit-2024) ### 2024.03.04 · Claude 3 and the “AI Developer” Rivalry. Claude 3 matched or beat GPT-4 on several benchmarks. A demo of an agent that writes code on its own unsettled developers. - 2024.03.04 Anthropic releases the Claude 3 model family: Opus, Sonnet and Haiku. (Sources: [Introducing the next generation of Claude](https://www.anthropic.com/news/claude-3-family)) - 2024.03.12 Cognition demonstrates Devin, an “AI software engineer.” (Sources: [Introducing Devin, the first AI software engineer](https://cognition.com/blog/introducing-devin)) - 2024.03.13 The European Parliament passes the AI Act, the world’s first comprehensive law regulating AI. (Sources: [Artificial Intelligence Act: MEPs adopt landmark law](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20240308IPR19015/artificial-intelligence-act-meps-adopt-landmark-law)) - 2024.03.18 NVIDIA announces Blackwell, its next-generation GPU. (Sources: [NVIDIA Blackwell Platform Arrives to Power a New Era of Computing](https://nvidianews.nvidia.com/news/nvidia-blackwell-platform-arrives-to-power-a-new-era-of-computing)) Sources: [Introducing the next generation of Claude](https://www.anthropic.com/news/claude-3-family), [Introducing Devin, the first AI software engineer](https://cognition.com/blog/introducing-devin), [Artificial Intelligence Act: MEPs adopt landmark law](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20240308IPR19015/artificial-intelligence-act-meps-adopt-landmark-law) ### 2024.02.15 · Sora Turns Sentences into Video Video. OpenAI demonstrated Sora, which makes realistic videos up to a minute long from text alone. The same day, Google released a model that reads a million tokens. - 2023.12.06 Google announces Gemini 1.0, a multimodal model, and the following February renames Bard to Gemini as well. (Sources: [Introducing Gemini: our largest and most capable AI model](https://blog.google/technology/ai/google-gemini-ai/), [Bard becomes Gemini: Try Ultra 1.0 and a new mobile app today](https://blog.google/products/gemini/bard-gemini-advanced-app/)) - 2023.12.27 The New York Times sues OpenAI and Microsoft, saying they trained on its articles without permission. (Sources: [Complaint, The New York Times Company v. Microsoft Corporation et al., Case 1:23-cv-11195 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 27, 2023)](https://nytco-assets.nytimes.com/2023/12/NYT_Complaint_Dec2023.pdf)) - 2024.02.15 OpenAI demonstrates Sora; the same day, Google announces Gemini 1.5, with a context of one million tokens. (Sources: [Sora: Creating video from text](https://openai.com/index/sora/), [Our next-generation model: Gemini 1.5](https://blog.google/innovation-and-ai/products/google-gemini-next-generation-model-february-2024/)) - 2024.02.22 Google pauses Gemini’s image generation of people after criticism that it depicted historical figures inaccurately. (Sources: [Google pauses Gemini AI image generator after it created inaccurate historical pictures](https://www.cnbc.com/2024/02/22/google-pauses-gemini-ai-image-generator-after-inaccuracies.html)) Sources: [Sora: Creating video from text](https://openai.com/index/sora/), [Our next-generation model: Gemini 1.5](https://blog.google/innovation-and-ai/products/google-gemini-next-generation-model-february-2024/), [Complaint, The New York Times Company v. Microsoft Corporation et al., Case 1:23-cv-11195 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 27, 2023)](https://nytco-assets.nytimes.com/2023/12/NYT_Complaint_Dec2023.pdf) ### 2024.01.21 · A Fake Voice in an Election Year Elections. A year of elections around the world began with a fake voice made by AI. Within weeks, regulators and companies moved to respond. - 2024.01.21 Two days before the New Hampshire primary, robocalls in an AI imitation of President Biden’s voice tell voters to “save your vote for the November election.” (Sources: [New Hampshire robocalls stir up new firestorm over artificial intelligence](https://www.newsfromthestates.com/article/new-hampshire-robocalls-stir-new-firestorm-over-artificial-intelligence)) - 2024.01.28 As sexually explicit deepfakes of Taylor Swift spread, X temporarily blocks searches for “Taylor Swift.” (Sources: [X restores Taylor Swift searches after deepfake explicit images triggered temporary block](https://www.news4jax.com/business/2024/01/30/x-restores-taylor-swift-searches-after-deepfake-explicit-images-triggered-temporary-block/)) - 2024.02.08 The FCC rules that robocalls using AI-generated voices are illegal under the Telephone Consumer Protection Act. (Sources: [FCC votes unanimously to ban unsolicited AI robocalls](https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/security/fcc-votes-unanimously-ban-unsolicited-ai-robocalls-rcna137950)) - 2024.02.16 At the Munich Security Conference, 20 companies announce an accord to combat deceptive AI content in elections. (Sources: [Technology industry to combat deceptive use of AI in 2024 elections](https://news.microsoft.com/source/2024/02/16/technology-industry-to-combat-deceptive-use-of-ai-in-2024-elections/), [AI Elections Accord](https://securityconference.org/en/aielectionsaccord)) Sources: [FCC votes unanimously to ban unsolicited AI robocalls](https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/security/fcc-votes-unanimously-ban-unsolicited-ai-robocalls-rcna137950), [Technology industry to combat deceptive use of AI in 2024 elections](https://news.microsoft.com/source/2024/02/16/technology-industry-to-combat-deceptive-use-of-ai-in-2024-elections/), [AI Elections Accord](https://securityconference.org/en/aielectionsaccord) ## 2023 · The Year the Race Began Having seen ChatGPT, Big Tech rushed out chatbots of its own. As model weights were released, anyone could run a language model, and the people who built AI warned of its risks. Copyright suits over training data began, China opened only approved chatbots to the public, and the U.S. tightened its controls on AI chip exports. ### 2023.11.17 · The Firing, and Five Days Rules and Turmoil. In an autumn when countries began writing rules for AI, OpenAI’s board fired Sam Altman and reversed course five days later. - 2023.10.30 President Biden signs an executive order on AI that requires developers of large models to share safety test results. (Sources: [FACT SHEET: President Biden Issues Executive Order on Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence](https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/10/30/fact-sheet-president-biden-issues-executive-order-on-safe-secure-and-trustworthy-artificial-intelligence/)) - 2023.11.01 The first AI Safety Summit is held at Bletchley Park in the United Kingdom, where 28 countries and the EU sign a joint declaration. (Sources: [The Bletchley Declaration by Countries Attending the AI Safety Summit, 1-2 November 2023](https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-safety-summit-2023-the-bletchley-declaration/the-bletchley-declaration-by-countries-attending-the-ai-safety-summit-1-2-november-2023)) - 2023.11.17 OpenAI’s board removes Altman, and most employees sign a letter warning that they will resign en masse. (Sources: [OpenAI announces leadership transition](https://openai.com/index/openai-announces-leadership-transition/)) - 2023.11.21 Altman’s return is agreed, and a new board is formed. (Sources: [Sam Altman returns as CEO, OpenAI has a new initial board](https://openai.com/index/sam-altman-returns-as-ceo-openai-has-a-new-initial-board/)) Sources: [OpenAI announces leadership transition](https://openai.com/index/openai-announces-leadership-transition/), [Sam Altman returns as CEO, OpenAI has a new initial board](https://openai.com/index/sam-altman-returns-as-ceo-openai-has-a-new-initial-board/), [The Bletchley Declaration by Countries Attending the AI Safety Summit, 1-2 November 2023](https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-safety-summit-2023-the-bletchley-declaration/the-bletchley-declaration-by-countries-attending-the-ai-safety-summit-1-2-november-2023) ### 2023.10.17 · Closing the Workaround Chip Controls. In October 2022, the U.S. barred exports of advanced AI chips to China. When NVIDIA answered with toned-down chips made for China, the U.S. blocked those too a year later. - 2023.10.17 The Commerce Department revises the AI chip export controls it set in October 2022, adding a performance-density test to catch workaround chips and extending them to other arms-embargoed countries and Macau. (Sources: [Commerce Strengthens Restrictions on Advanced Computing Semiconductors, Semiconductor Manufacturing Equipment, and Supercomputing Items to Countries of Concern](https://www.bis.gov/press-release/commerce-strengthens-restrictions-advanced-computing-semiconductors-semiconductor-manufacturing-equipment), [BIS updated public information page on export controls imposed on advanced computing and semiconductor manufacturing items to the People’s Republic of China (PRC)](https://www.bis.gov/press-release/bis-updated-public-information-page-export-controls-imposed-advanced-computing-semiconductor)) - 2023.10.23 The U.S. government tells NVIDIA the new rules apply immediately, cutting off the A800 and H800 it had made for the Chinese market. (Sources: [NVIDIA Corporation Form 8-K (October 2023)](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1045810/000104581023000221/nvda-20231023.htm)) - 2024.12.02 The U.S. puts export controls on high-bandwidth memory (HBM) and chipmaking equipment and adds 140 entities to its Entity List. (Sources: [US Tightens Curbs on China’s Access to AI Memory, Chip Tools](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-12-02/us-tightens-curbs-on-china-s-access-to-ai-memory-and-chips-tools)) Sources: [Commerce Strengthens Restrictions on Advanced Computing Semiconductors, Semiconductor Manufacturing Equipment, and Supercomputing Items to Countries of Concern](https://www.bis.gov/press-release/commerce-strengthens-restrictions-advanced-computing-semiconductors-semiconductor-manufacturing-equipment), [BIS updated public information page on export controls imposed on advanced computing and semiconductor manufacturing items to the People’s Republic of China (PRC)](https://www.bis.gov/press-release/bis-updated-public-information-page-export-controls-imposed-advanced-computing-semiconductor) ### 2023.08.31 · Approved Chatbots China. In China, where ChatGPT is not available, only chatbots that followed government rules and won approval could open to the public. The first approvals came two weeks after the rules took effect. - 2023.03.16 Baidu unveils its chatbot ERNIE Bot, opening it only to business partners and people on a waitlist. (Sources: [Baidu launches ChatGPT rival ERNIE Bot, sees 30,000 companies apply to use it in first hour](https://technode.com/2023/03/17/baidu-launches-chatgpt-rival-ernie-bot-sees-30000-companies-apply-to-use-it-in-first-hour/)) - 2023.08.15 China’s Interim Measures for the Administration of Generative AI Services, issued by seven agencies, take effect, requiring services to uphold core socialist values and those able to sway public opinion to pass a security assessment. (Sources: [生成式人工智能服务管理暂行办法](http://www.cac.gov.cn/2023-07/13/c_1690898327029107.htm)) - 2023.08.31 Baidu, ByteDance, SenseTime and others receive the first approvals and open their chatbots to the public. (Sources: [11 Chinese tech companies granted permission to fully release ChatGPT-like tools](https://technode.com/2023/08/31/11-chinese-tech-companies-granted-permission-to-fully-release-chatgpt-like-tools/)) - 2023.08.31 Within 12 hours of opening to the public, ERNIE Bot tops the free-app chart on Apple’s App Store in China. (Sources: [11 Chinese tech companies granted permission to fully release ChatGPT-like tools](https://technode.com/2023/08/31/11-chinese-tech-companies-granted-permission-to-fully-release-chatgpt-like-tools/), [Baidu gets China’s green light to release its ChatGPT-like Ernie Bot to the public](https://www.cnbc.com/2023/08/31/baidu-gets-chinas-green-light-to-release-its-chatgpt-like-ernie-bot-to-the-public.html)) Sources: [生成式人工智能服务管理暂行办法](http://www.cac.gov.cn/2023-07/13/c_1690898327029107.htm), [Baidu gets China’s green light to release its ChatGPT-like Ernie Bot to the public](https://www.cnbc.com/2023/08/31/baidu-gets-chinas-green-light-to-release-its-chatgpt-like-ernie-bot-to-the-public.html), [11 Chinese tech companies granted permission to fully release ChatGPT-like tools](https://technode.com/2023/08/31/11-chinese-tech-companies-granted-permission-to-fully-release-chatgpt-like-tools/) ### 2023.07.18 · Llama 2 and HyperCLOVA X Open Models. Meta released a model that could be used commercially, and the open-model camp grew. Korea produced a hyperscale model of its own. - 2023.07.11 Anthropic releases Claude 2, which reads 100,000 tokens, about a book’s worth, in one go. (Sources: [Claude 2](https://www.anthropic.com/news/claude-2)) - 2023.07.12 Elon Musk announces the founding of the AI company xAI. (Sources: [Elon Musk Announces New Company xAI as He Seeks to Build ChatGPT Alternative](https://www.datacenterknowledge.com/ai-data-centers/elon-musk-announces-new-company-xai-as-he-seeks-to-build-chatgpt-alternative)) - 2023.07.18 Meta releases Llama 2, open to commercial use, together with Microsoft. (Sources: [Meta and Microsoft Introduce the Next Generation of Llama](https://about.fb.com/news/2023/07/llama-2/)) - 2023.08.24 NAVER unveils HyperCLOVA X, a model specialized for Korean. (Sources: ) Sources: [Meta and Microsoft Introduce the Next Generation of Llama](https://about.fb.com/news/2023/07/llama-2/), [Claude 2](https://www.anthropic.com/news/claude-2), ### 2023.05.16 · Warnings from the Builders Warning. A researcher who pioneered deep learning and the heads of AI companies began to speak about the risks themselves. Regulation became a political issue. - 2023.05.01 Geoffrey Hinton leaves Google after ten years, saying he wants to speak freely about the risks of AI. (Sources: [Geoffrey Hinton tells us why he’s now scared of the tech he helped build](https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/05/02/1072528/geoffrey-hinton-google-why-scared-ai/)) - 2023.05.02 The Writers Guild of America goes on strike, with limits on AI use as a core issue (settled in September). (Sources: [Writers Strike 2023: Hollywood screenwriters don’t want AI taking their jobs either](https://www.nbcnews.com/news/writers-strike-2023-hollywood-screenwriters-ai-concerns-rcna82543), [Hollywood writers strike ends as WGA sends contract to member vote](https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/film-tv/2023/09/27/writers-strike-ends-wga/)) - 2023.05.16 Sam Altman proposes a government licensing regime for powerful models at a U.S. Senate hearing. (Sources: [Testimony before the U.S. Senate](https://openai.com/global-affairs/testimony-of-sam-altman-before-the-us-senate/)) - 2023.05.30 Hundreds sign a one-sentence statement saying the risk of extinction from AI should be treated like pandemics and nuclear war. (Sources: [Statement on AI Extinction Risk](https://safe.ai/work/statement-on-ai-extinction-risk)) Sources: [Geoffrey Hinton tells us why he’s now scared of the tech he helped build](https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/05/02/1072528/geoffrey-hinton-google-why-scared-ai/), [Testimony before the U.S. Senate](https://openai.com/global-affairs/testimony-of-sam-altman-before-the-us-senate/), [Statement on AI Extinction Risk](https://safe.ai/work/statement-on-ai-extinction-risk) ### 2023.03.14 · GPT-4 Leap in Capability. GPT-4 arrived, reading images and scoring in the top 10% on a simulated U.S. bar exam. The same day, Anthropic released its first Claude. - 2023.03.15 Midjourney releases v5; days later an AI-generated image of the pope in a puffer jacket spreads as if it were real. (Sources: [New Midjourney V5 Generative AI Offers Photorealistic Images and Hands With 5 Fingers](https://voicebot.ai/2023/03/17/new-midjourney-v5-generative-ai-offers-photorealistic-images-and-hands-with-5-fingers/), [AI-generated images of Pope Francis in puffer jacket fool the internet](https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/pope-francis-ai-generated-images-fool-internet-rcna76838)) - 2023.03.22 Elon Musk, Steve Wozniak and others sign an open letter calling for a six-month pause in training AI more powerful than GPT-4. (Sources: [Pause Giant AI Experiments: An Open Letter](https://futureoflife.org/open-letter/pause-giant-ai-experiments/)) - 2023.03.31 Italy’s data protection authority blocks access to ChatGPT; the block is lifted about a month later. (Sources: [Intelligenza artificiale: il Garante blocca ChatGPT](https://www.garanteprivacy.it/home/docweb/-/docweb-display/docweb/9870847), [ChatGPT è di nuovo raggiungibile dall’Italia](https://www.ilpost.it/2023/04/28/chatgpt-raggiungibile-italia/)) Sources: [GPT-4](https://openai.com/index/gpt-4-research/), [Introducing Claude](https://www.anthropic.com/news/introducing-claude), [Pause Giant AI Experiments: An Open Letter](https://futureoflife.org/open-letter/pause-giant-ai-experiments/) ### 2023.02.07 · Bing, Bard, LLaMA Big Tech Strikes Back. Google, out to defend search, and Microsoft, out to take it, launched chatbots in the same week. Meta released its model to researchers. - 2023.02.06 Google announces its chatbot Bard; two days later a wrong answer in a promotional demo comes to light and Alphabet loses about $100 billion in market value. (Sources: [An important next step on our AI journey](https://blog.google/innovation-and-ai/technology/ai/bard-google-ai-search-updates/), [Google shares tank 8% as AI chatbot Bard flubs answer in ad](https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2023/2/8/google-shares-tank-8-as-ai-chatbot-bard-flubs-answer-in-ad)) - 2023.02.07 Microsoft unveils a new Bing built on GPT, and the emotional conversations of its code name “Sydney” draw attention. (Sources: [Reinventing search with a new AI-powered Microsoft Bing and Edge, your copilot for the web](https://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2023/02/07/reinventing-search-with-a-new-ai-powered-microsoft-bing-and-edge-your-copilot-for-the-web/)) - 2023.02.24 Meta releases LLaMA, a model for research; its weights leak within a week, setting off a boom in open models that run on personal computers. (Sources: [Introducing LLaMA: A foundational, 65-billion-parameter language model](https://ai.meta.com/blog/large-language-model-llama-meta-ai/), [Runaway LLaMA: How Meta’s LLaMA NLP model leaked](https://www.deeplearning.ai/the-batch/how-metas-llama-nlp-model-leaked)) Sources: [An important next step on our AI journey](https://blog.google/innovation-and-ai/technology/ai/bard-google-ai-search-updates/), [Reinventing search with a new AI-powered Microsoft Bing and Edge, your copilot for the web](https://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2023/02/07/reinventing-search-with-a-new-ai-powered-microsoft-bing-and-edge-your-copilot-for-the-web/), [Introducing LLaMA: A foundational, 65-billion-parameter language model](https://ai.meta.com/blog/large-language-model-llama-meta-ai/) ### 2023.01.13 · Who Owns an AI Image? Copyright. In the summer of 2022, an AI-made picture took first place in an art competition at a U.S. state fair, and an image generator that anyone could download and run was released. The next year, artists and a photo agency sued, and the U.S. Copyright Office and a photography contest declined to treat AI-made images as human work. - 2023.01.13 Three artists file a class action against Stability AI, Midjourney and DeviantArt, claiming their work was used for training without permission. (Sources: [AI Art Generators Hit With Copyright Suit Over Artists’ Images](https://news.bloombergtax.com/safety/ai-art-generators-hit-with-copyright-suit-over-artists-images)) - 2023.02.03 After filing in London in January, Getty Images also sues Stability AI in federal court in Delaware, alleging that it copied more than 12 million photos along with their captions. (Sources: [Getty Images Statement](https://newsroom.gettyimages.com/en/getty-images/getty-images-statement), [Getty Images Lawsuit Says Stability AI Misused Photos to Train AI](https://www.insurancejournal.com/news/national/2023/02/07/706345.htm)) - 2023.02.21 The U.S. Copyright Office finds that the Midjourney-generated images in the comic Zarya of the Dawn are not the product of human authorship, while its text and arrangement stay protected. (Sources: [Zarya of the Dawn (Registration # VAu001480196)](https://www.copyright.gov/docs/zarya-of-the-dawn.pdf)) - 2023.04.13 German artist Boris Eldagsen refuses the Sony World Photography Awards prize he won in the creative category with an AI-made image, saying “AI is not photography,” while the organizers say he misled them about how much AI was involved. (Sources: [Photographer refuses prestigious award after admitting image was AI-generated](https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/art/2023/04/18/photographer-refuses-prestigious-award-after-admitting-image-was-ai-generated), [German artist refuses award after his AI image wins prestigious photography prize](https://www.engadget.com/german-artist-refuses-award-after-his-ai-image-wins-prestigious-photography-prize-071322551.html)) Sources: [Artificial intelligence artwork wins 1st place at Colorado State Fair, causing controversy](https://www.cbsnews.com/colorado/news/ai-created-art-exhibit-first-place-colorado-state-fair-causing-controversy-jason-allen/), [AI Art Generators Hit With Copyright Suit Over Artists’ Images](https://news.bloombergtax.com/safety/ai-art-generators-hit-with-copyright-suit-over-artists-images), [Getty Images Statement](https://newsroom.gettyimages.com/en/getty-images/getty-images-statement), [Getty Images Lawsuit Says Stability AI Misused Photos to Train AI](https://www.insurancejournal.com/news/national/2023/02/07/706345.htm), [Zarya of the Dawn (Registration # VAu001480196)](https://www.copyright.gov/docs/zarya-of-the-dawn.pdf) ## 2022 ### 2022.11.30 · The Launch of ChatGPT Starting Point. OpenAI released a conversational chatbot built on GPT-3.5 as a free research preview. Typing a question into a box became what it meant to use AI. - 2022.12.05 ChatGPT passes one million users five days after launch. (Sources: [ChatGPT gained 1 million users in under a week. Here’s why the AI chatbot is primed to disrupt search as we know it](https://fortune.com/2022/12/09/ai-chatbot-chatgpt-could-disrupt-google-search-engines-business/)) - 2022.12.21 Google executives are reported to have declared a “code red” over the threat to the search business. (Sources: [Report says Google is panicking over threat posed by OpenAI’s chatbot](https://siliconangle.com/2022/12/22/reports-say-google-panicking-threat-posed-openais-chatbot/)) - 2023.01 UBS estimates 100 million monthly users two months in, the fastest-growing consumer app at the time. (Sources: [ChatGPT reaches 100 million users two months after launch](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/feb/02/chatgpt-100-million-users-open-ai-fastest-growing-app)) - 2023.01.23 Microsoft announces a further multiyear, multibillion-dollar investment in OpenAI. (Sources: [Microsoft and OpenAI extend partnership](https://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2023/01/23/microsoftandopenaiextendpartnership/)) Sources: [Introducing ChatGPT](https://openai.com/index/chatgpt/), [ChatGPT reaches 100 million users two months after launch](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/feb/02/chatgpt-100-million-users-open-ai-fastest-growing-app), [Microsoft and OpenAI extend partnership](https://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2023/01/23/microsoftandopenaiextendpartnership/) ## Eras - 2022-11–2023-02 Ask and Answer: Typing a question into a box became what it meant to use AI. Google, defending search, and Microsoft, going after it, launched chatbots, and artists took image generators to court. - 2023-03–2023-12 Warnings and First Rules: After GPT-4, the people who built AI began warning of its risks themselves. The U.S. issued an executive order, Britain hosted the first AI safety summit and China required chatbots to be approved. In November, OpenAI’s board fired its CEO and took him back five days later. - 2024-01–2024-06 Seeing, Hearing, Speaking: AI moved beyond text. It made video from sentences and talked in a voice that could be interrupted mid-sentence. A year of elections opened with a fake voice, and NVIDIA, swamped with demand for its chips, became the world’s most valuable company. - 2024-07–2024-12 Models That Think: Models that reason at length before answering arrived, and two Nobel Prizes went to AI research. AI began to look at the screen and move the mouse, and Big Tech turned to nuclear plants to power its data centers. - 2025-01–2025-04 Cheap, Open Reasoning: A small Chinese lab released a top-tier reasoning model, weights and all, and U.S. markets were shaken. That spring, ChatGPT’s image generation spread around the world, and building software by talking to AI without reading the code got a name. - 2025-05–2025-10 Agents and Gigawatts: Coding agents began to take on hours-long development work by themselves. The race grew from models to chips and power, data center deals were signed by the gigawatt, and chips became leverage between the U.S., China and the Gulf. - 2025-11–2026-03 Handing Over the Work: As people began handing work to AI agents, software stocks fell and companies cut staff. The same agents were turned to hacking. Ads came to ChatGPT, and the Pentagon designated Anthropic, which held to its usage terms, a supply chain risk. - 2026-04–2026-08 Models Held Back: A model was kept from the public because it was too good at finding software vulnerabilities, and the U.S. government put released models under export controls. Agents under evaluation broke out of their sandbox. The largest labs prepared to go public, and the EU began enforcing the AI Act. - 2026-09– Questioning the Pace: AI settled decades-old problems in mathematics, and agents that keep working while people are away arrived. As agent incidents came to light one after another, even the heads of AI companies spoke of slowing down, and companies began cutting their models off from the live internet. ## Major model releases - OpenAI: ChatGPT (GPT-3.5) (2022-11), GPT-4 (2023-03), GPT-4o (2024-05), o1 (2024-09), o3 (2024-12), GPT-5 (2025-08), gpt-oss (2025-08), GPT-5.2 (2025-12), GPT-5.4 (2026-03), GPT-5.5 (2026-04), GPT-5.6 (2026-07), GPT-6 Astra (2026-09), GPT-6 Sol (2026-09), GPT-6 Luna (2026-09), GPT-6.1 Sol (2026-09), GPT-6.1 Terra (2026-10) - Anthropic: Claude (2023-03), Claude 2 (2023-07), Claude 3 (2024-03), Claude 3.5 Sonnet (2024-06), Claude 3.7 Sonnet (2025-02), Claude 4 (2025-05), Sonnet 4.5 (2025-09), Haiku 4.5 (2025-10), Opus 4.5 (2025-11), Opus 4.6 (2026-02), Mythos Preview (2026-04), Opus 4.7 (2026-04), Opus 4.8 (2026-05), Fable 5 (2026-06), Mythos 5 (2026-06), Sonnet 5 (2026-06), Opus 5 (2026-07), Fable 5.1 (2026-09), Mythos 5.1 (2026-09), Opus 5.5 (2026-09), Sonnet 5.5 (2026-09), Haiku 5.5 (2026-10) - Google: Bard (2023-03), Gemini 1.0 (2023-12), Gemini 1.5 (2024-02), Gemini 2.0 (2024-12), Gemini 2.5 Pro (2025-03), Gemini 3 (2025-11), Gemini 3.1 Pro (2026-02), Gemini 4 Argon (2026-09), Gemini 4 Carbon (2026-10) - Meta: LLaMA (2023-02), Llama 2 (2023-07), Llama 3 (2024-04), Llama 4 (2025-04), Muse Spark (2026-04), Muse Spark 1.3 (2026-09), Muse Wonder (2026-10), Muse Spark Open (2026-10) - NVIDIA: Nemotron 3 Nano (2025-12), Nemotron 3 Super (2026-03), Nemotron 3 Ultra (2026-06) - DeepSeek: V2 (2024-05), V3 (2024-12), R1 (2025-01), V4 (2026-04), V4.1 Flash (2026-09), V4.1 Flash 1017 (2026-10) - Alibaba · Qwen: Tongyi Qianwen (2023-04), Qwen2 (2024-06), Qwen2.5 (2024-09), Qwen3 (2025-04), Qwen3-Max (2025-09), Qwen3.5 (2026-02), Qwen3.6 (2026-04), Qwen3.8 (2026-07) - Moonshot AI: Kimi (2023-10), Kimi K2 (2025-07), Kimi K2 Thinking (2025-11), Kimi K2.5 (2026-01), Kimi K2.6 (2026-04), Kimi K3 (2026-07), Kimi K3.1 Pro (2026-10) - Zhipu · Z.ai: ChatGLM (2023-03), GLM-4 (2024-01), GLM-4.5 (2025-07), GLM-5 (2026-02), GLM-5.2 (2026-06), GLM-5.3 (2026-08) - MiniMax: MiniMax-M1 (2025-06), MiniMax-M2 (2025-10), MiniMax-M2.5 (2026-02), MiniMax-M3 (2026-06) - Mistral AI: Mistral 7B (2023-09), Mistral Large (2024-02), Mistral Large 2 (2024-07), Mistral Large 3 (2025-12), Mistral Large 4 (2026-10) - xAI · SpaceXSI: Grok (2023-11), Grok 2 (2024-08), Grok 3 (2025-02), Grok 4 (2025-07), Grok 4.7 (2026-09) - NAVER: HyperCLOVA X (2023-08), HyperCLOVA X SEED Think 32B (2025-12)